Interaction between eye movements and adhesion of extraocular muscles.

The contact and pull-off tests and finite element simulations were used to study the extraocular muscle-sclera adhesion and its variation with eye movement in this research. The effect of the adhesion on the eye movements was also determined using equilibrium equations of eye motion. The contact and pull-off tests were performed using quasi-static and non-quasi-static unloading velocities. Finite element models were developed to simulate these tests in cases with high unloading velocity which could not be achieved experimentally. These velocities range from the eye's fixation to saccade movement. The tests confirmed that the pull-off force is related to the unloading velocity. As the unloading velocity increases, the pull-off force increases, with an insignificant increase at the high ocular saccade velocities. The adhesion moment between the extraocular muscles and the sclera exhibited the same trend, increasing with higher eye movement velocities and higher separation angles between the two interfaces. The adhesion moment ratio to the total moment was calculated by the traditional model and the active pulley model of eye movements to assess the effect of adhesion behavior on eye movements. At the high ocular saccade velocities (about 461 deg/s), the adhesion moment was found to be 0.53% and 0.50% of the total moment based on the traditional and active pulley models, respectively. The results suggest that the adhesion behavior between the extraocular muscles and the sclera has a negligible effect on eye movements. At the same time, this adhesion behavior can be ignored in eye modeling, which simplifies the model reasonably well. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: 1. Adhesion behavior between the extraocular muscles and the sclera at different indenter unloading velocities determined by contact and pull-off tests. 2. A finite element model was developed to simulate the adhesive contact between the extraocular muscles and the sclera at different indenter unloading velocities. The bilinear cohesive zone model was used for adhesive interactions. 3. The elastic modulus and viscoelastic parameters of the extraocular muscle along the thickness direction were obtained by using compressive stress-relaxation tests. 4. The influence of the adhesion moment between the extraocular muscles and the sclera on eye movement was obtained according to the equation of oculomotor balance. The adhesion moment between the extraocular muscles and the sclera was found to increase with increased eye movement velocity and increased separation angle between the two interfaces.