Centro de Investigación en Química para la Economía Circular, CIQEC. Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Cerro de Las Campanas, SN, Querétaro, Querétaro, 76010, Mexico.
Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Electroquímica S.C., Parque Tecnológico Querétaro, Sanfandila, 76703, Pedro Escobedo, Querétaro, Mexico.
Chemosphere. 2024 Jan;346:140573. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140573. Epub 2023 Oct 28.
Availability of raw materials in the chemical industry is related to the selection of the chemical processes in which they are used as well as to the efficiency, cost, and eventual evolution to more competitive dynamics of transformation technologies. In general terms however, any chemically transforming technology starts with the extraction, purification, design, manufacture, use, and disposal of materials. It is important to create a new paradigm towards green chemistry, sustainability, and circular economy in the chemical sciences that help to better employ, reuse, and recycle the materials used in every aspect of modern life. Electrochemistry is a growing field of knowledge that can help with these issues to reduce solid waste and the impact of chemical processes on the environment. Several electrochemical studies in the last decades have benefited the recovery of important chemical compounds and elements through electrodeposition, electrowinning, electrocoagulation, electrodialysis, and other processes. The use of living organisms and microorganisms using an electrochemical perspective (known as bioelectrochemistry), is also calling attention to "mining", through plants and microorganisms, essential chemical elements. New process design or the optimization of the current technologies is a major necessity to enhance production and minimize the use of raw materials along with less generation of wastes and secondary by-products. In this context, this contribution aims to show an up-to-date scenario of both environmental electrochemical and bioelectrochemical processes for the extraction, use, recovery and recycling of materials in a circular economy model.
化学工业原材料的供应与它们在化学过程中的使用选择以及转化技术的效率、成本和最终向更具竞争力的动态演变有关。然而，从广义上讲，任何化学转化技术都始于材料的提取、纯化、设计、制造、使用和处置。在化学科学中创造一个新的绿色化学、可持续性和循环经济范式非常重要，这有助于更好地利用、再利用和回收现代生活各个方面使用的材料。电化学是一个不断发展的知识领域，可以帮助解决这些问题，减少固体废物和化学过程对环境的影响。过去几十年的几项电化学研究通过电沉积、电解、电凝聚、电渗析和其他工艺，从重要的化合物和元素中受益，实现了回收。利用生物体和微生物的电化学观点（称为生物电化学），也引起了人们对通过植物和微生物“开采”基本化学元素的关注。新的工艺设计或对现有技术的优化是提高生产效率、减少原材料使用以及减少废物和副产物生成的主要必要性。在这种情况下，本贡献旨在展示环境电化学和生物电化学过程在循环经济模型中用于材料的提取、使用、回收和再循环的最新情况。
