Dahlberg B, Kullander S, Ursing J, Forsgren A
Contraception. 1979 Jul;20(1):71-5. doi: 10.1016/0010-7824(79)90046-5.
Pain and metrorrhagia in women using IUDs are often the reason for removing the IUD. In 54 women where the IUD was removed, uterine fluid for bacteriologic cultures was taken from the removed IUD. There was a correlation between positive cultures and symptoms of pain and metrorrhagia. Spotty bleeding caused by microtraumata and increased fibrinolytic activity of the IUD might thus consitute a substrate for bacterial invasion resulting in endometritis and in turn increased bleeding and pain. In 18 male consorts of females with positive cultures, asymptomatic bacteriospermia was found. Treatment offered alleviated symptoms. Removal of the IUD need thus not be necessary.
使用宫内节育器（IUD）的女性出现疼痛和子宫出血往往是取出IUD的原因。在54例取出IUD的女性中，从取出的IUD获取子宫液进行细菌培养。培养结果阳性与疼痛和子宫出血症状之间存在相关性。IUD导致的微创伤引起的点滴出血以及IUD纤维蛋白溶解活性增加，可能构成细菌入侵的基础，导致子宫内膜炎，进而加重出血和疼痛。在培养结果阳性女性的18名男性配偶中，发现了无症状性菌精症。所提供的治疗缓解了症状。因此不一定需要取出IUD。
