Application of valence-variable transition-metal-oxide-based nanomaterials in electrochemical analysis: A review.

The construction of materials with rapid electron transfer is considered an effective method for enhancing electrochemical activity in electroanalysis. It has been widely demonstrated that valence changes in transition metal ions can promote electron transfer and thus increase electrochemical activity. Recently, valence-variable transition metal oxides (TMOs) have shown popular application in electrochemical analysis by using their abundant valence state changes to accelerate electron transfer during electrochemical detection. In this review, we summarize recent research advances in valence changes of TMOs and their application in electrochemical analysis. This includes the definition and mechanism of valence change, the association of valence changes with electronic structure, and their applications in electrochemical detection, along with the use of density functional theory (DFT) to simulate the process of electron transfer during valence changes. Finally, the challenges and opportunities for developing and applying valence changes in electrochemical analysis are also identified.