Determination of metallic nanoparticles in soils by means spICP-MS after a microwave-assisted extraction treatment.

Current sample preparation strategies for nanomaterials (NMs) analysis in soils by means single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry have significant constrains in terms of accuracy, sample throughput and applicability (i.e., type of NMs and soils). In this work, strengths and weakness of microwave assisted extraction (MAE) for NMs characterization in soils were systematically investigated. To this end, different extractants were tested (ultrapure water; NaOH, NHOH, sodium citrate and tetrasodium pyrophosphate) and MAE operating conditions were optimized by means of design of experiments. Next, the developed method was applied to different type of metallic(oid) nanoparticles (Se-, Ag-, Pt- and AuNPs) and soils (alkaline, acid, sandy, clayey, SL36, loam ERMCC141; sludge amended ERM483). Results show that Pt- and AuNPs are preserved and quantitatively extracted from soils in 6 min (12 cycles of 30 s each) inside an 800 W oven by using 20 mL of 0.1 M NaOH solution. This methodology is applicable to soils showing a wide range of physicochemical properties except for clay rich samples. If clay soil fraction is significant (>15%), NMs are efficiently retained in the soil thus giving rise to poor recoveries (<10%). The analysis of labile NMs such as Se- and AgNPs is not feasible by means this approach since extraction conditions favors dissolution. Finally, when compared to current extraction methodologies (e.g., ultrasound, cloud point extraction, etc.), MAE affords better or equivalent accuracies and precision as well as higher sample throughput due to treatment speed and the possibility to work with several samples simultaneously.