Sudradjat Arief, Muntalif Barti Setiani, Marasabessy Nabila, Mulyadi Fadli, Firdaus Muhamad Iqbal
Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia.
Heliyon. 2024 Feb 7;10(4):e25812. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25812. eCollection 2024 Feb 29.
Similar to many estuaries worldwide with sources receiving nitrogen and phosphorus, i.e., nutrients, from point and diffuse sources, the waters in Jakarta Bay, Musi Estuary, and Rokan Estuary in Indonesia are facing negative impacts on water quality and ecosystems, i.e., eutrophication, because of rapid urbanization and human activities. The transport of nutrients through rivers and tributaries depends on rainfall and climate phenomena, ultimately dictating chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentrations and trophic levels in estuaries. The relationship between trophic level, Chl-a concentration, rainfall, and climate phenomena was explored in this study by examining monthly Chl-a concentrations from 2003 to 2021 in the three estuaries. Remote sensing Chl-a concentrations data from the NASA Aqua MODIS mission was subjected to Geographic Information System (GIS) and statistical analyses. The dynamic fluctuations of Chl-a concentrations in all estuaries showed eutrophic zones appearing at specific times, influenced by local rainfalls and their patterns. The first principal components of the Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis of Chl-a concentration anomalies showed significant correlations with rainfall anomalies and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) index. These relationships exhibited distinct patterns influenced by unique climate factors in each estuary. The study highlights the crucial role of wide-area continuous monitoring and early warning systems, facilitated by satellite remote sensing, in preserving the health of coastal ecosystems. The findings also offer valuable insights for designing future monitoring programs and targeted conservation efforts.
与全球许多河口类似，印度尼西亚的雅加达湾、穆西河河口和罗坎河口的水源接收来自点源和非点源的氮和磷等营养物质，由于快速城市化和人类活动，这些河口的水质和生态系统正面临负面影响，即富营养化。营养物质通过河流和支流的输送取决于降雨和气候现象，最终决定了河口的叶绿素a（Chl-a）浓度和营养水平。本研究通过研究2003年至2021年三个河口的月度Chl-a浓度，探讨了营养水平、Chl-a浓度、降雨和气候现象之间的关系。来自美国国家航空航天局（NASA）Aqua MODIS任务的遥感Chl-a浓度数据经过了地理信息系统（GIS）和统计分析。所有河口Chl-a浓度的动态波动显示，受当地降雨及其模式影响，富营养化区域在特定时间出现。Chl-a浓度异常的经验正交函数（EOF）分析的第一主成分与降雨异常和印度洋偶极（IOD）指数显著相关。这些关系呈现出受每个河口独特气候因素影响的不同模式。该研究强调了由卫星遥感推动的广域连续监测和预警系统在保护沿海生态系统健康方面的关键作用。研究结果还为设计未来监测计划和有针对性的保护措施提供了有价值的见解。
