Leve Leslie D, Oro Veronica, Natsuaki Misaki N, Harold Gordon T, Neiderhiser Jenae M, Ganiban Jody M, Shaw Daniel S, DeGarmo David S
Prevention Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA.
Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA.
Dev Psychopathol. 2024 Dec;36(5):2376-2389. doi: 10.1017/S0954579424000191. Epub 2024 Feb 22.
has been a premier resource for understanding stressful childhood experiences and the intergenerational continuity of psychopathology. Building on that tradition, we examined the unique and joint influences of maternal stress on children's effortful control (age 7) and externalizing behavior (age 11) as transmitted via genetics, the prenatal environment, and the postnatal environment. The sample included = 561 adopted children and their biological and adoptive parents. Path models identified a direct effect of biological mother life stress on children's effortful control ( = -.08) and an indirect effect of her life stress on child externalizing behavior via effortful control ( = .52), but no main or indirect effects of biological parent psychopathology, prenatal stress, or adoptive mother adverse childhood experiences (ACES). Adoptive mother ACES amplified the association between biological mother life stress and child effortful control ( = -.08), externalizing behavior ( = 1.41), and the indirect effect via effortful control, strengthening associations when adoptive mothers reported average or high ACES during their own childhoods. Results suggest that novel study designs are needed to enhance the understanding of how life stress gets "under the skin" to affect psychopathology in the offspring of adults who have experienced stress.
一直是理解童年应激经历和精神病理学代际连续性的首要资源。基于这一传统，我们研究了母亲压力通过基因、产前环境和产后环境对儿童努力控制（7岁）和外化行为（11岁）的独特和共同影响。样本包括561名领养儿童及其亲生父母和养父母。路径模型确定了亲生母亲生活压力对儿童努力控制的直接影响（β = -.08），以及她的生活压力通过努力控制对儿童外化行为的间接影响（β = .52），但亲生父母的精神病理学、产前压力或养母不良童年经历（ACES）没有主效应或间接效应。养母的ACES放大了亲生母亲生活压力与儿童努力控制（β = -.08）、外化行为（β = 1.41）之间的关联，以及通过努力控制的间接效应，当养母报告自己童年时期平均或高ACES时，这种关联会增强。结果表明，需要新的研究设计来加深对生活压力如何“深入肌肤”影响经历过压力的成年人后代精神病理学的理解。
