Ali Hafiz Basit, Kamran Muhammad Ali, Gul Rizwan Mahmood, Yasir Muhammad, Alabdullah Fadhel T, Usman Chaudhry, Tariq Adnan
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Pakistan.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wah Engineering College, University of Wah, Pakistan.
Heliyon. 2024 Feb 7;10(4):e25865. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25865. eCollection 2024 Feb 29.
The performance of Photovoltaic (PV) modules heavily relies on their structural strength, manufacturing methods, and materials. Damage induced during their lifecycle leads to degradation, reduced power generation and efficiency. Mechanical stresses, originating from manufacturing, transportation, and operational phases impose significant loads on PV modules. These in-service loads encompass various environmental forces such as wind, snow, dust, hail, rain, and heat. In-service loads encompass static and dynamic forces such as wind, snow, dust, hail, rain, and heat. Among these factors, the mechanical loads from hail impacts play a crucial role in PV module performance and require a comprehensive investigation. This research focuses on evaluating the impact of hail loads on different PV modules, following international standards like ASTM 1038-10 and IEC-61215-2. The developed simulator effectively assesses the reliability of PV modules. The number of busbars within a PV module was identified as a key factor influencing the module's resilience to hail impacts. Notably, mono-crystalline PV modules exhibited better resistance to hail loads compared to their poly-crystalline counterparts. The PV modules experience micro-cracking due to hail impacts, leading to an efficiency reduction of 4.15% in mono-crystalline modules and 12.59% in poly-crystalline modules. Similarly, the generated power output decreased by 3.3% and 12.5%, respectively, in these module types.
光伏（PV）组件的性能在很大程度上依赖于其结构强度、制造方法和材料。在其生命周期中产生的损坏会导致性能退化、发电量和效率降低。源自制造、运输和运行阶段的机械应力会给光伏组件施加显著载荷。这些运行中的载荷包括各种环境力，如风、雪、灰尘、冰雹、雨和热。运行中的载荷包括静态和动态力，如风、雪、灰尘、冰雹、雨和热。在这些因素中，冰雹撞击产生的机械载荷对光伏组件性能起着关键作用，需要进行全面研究。本研究聚焦于按照ASTM 1038 - 10和IEC - 61215 - 2等国际标准评估冰雹载荷对不同光伏组件的影响。所开发的模拟器能有效评估光伏组件的可靠性。光伏组件内汇流条的数量被确定为影响组件抗冰雹撞击能力的关键因素。值得注意的是，单晶硅光伏组件相比多晶硅光伏组件对冰雹载荷表现出更好的抗性。光伏组件因冰雹撞击而出现微裂纹，导致单晶硅组件效率降低4.15%，多晶硅组件效率降低12.59%。同样，这些组件类型的发电量分别下降了3.3%和12.5%。
