School of Knowledge Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan.
Theor Popul Biol. 2024 Apr;156:131-147. doi: 10.1016/j.tpb.2024.02.008. Epub 2024 Feb 21.
Altruism and spite are costly to the actor, making their evolution unlikely without specific mechanisms. Nonetheless, both altruistic and spiteful behaviors are present in individuals, which suggests the existence of an underlying mechanism that drives their evolution. If altruistic individuals are more likely to be recipients of altruism than non-altruistic individuals, then altruism can be favored by natural selection. Similarly, if spiteful individuals are less likely to be recipients of spite than non-spiteful individuals, then spite can be favored by natural selection. Spite is altruism's evil twin, ugly sister of altruism, or a shady relative of altruism. In some mechanisms, such as repeated interactions, if altruism is favored by natural selection, then spite is also favored by natural selection. However, there has been limited investigation into whether both behaviors evolve to the same extent. In this study, we focus on the mechanism by which individuals choose to keep or stop the interaction according to the opponent's behavior. Using the evolutionary game theory, we investigate the evolution of altruism and spite under this mechanism. Our model revealed that the evolution of spite is less likely than the evolution of altruism.
利他主义和恶意对行为者来说是有代价的，如果没有特定的机制，它们的进化就不太可能。尽管如此，利他主义和恶意行为在个体中都存在，这表明存在一种潜在的机制驱动着它们的进化。如果利他主义者比非利他主义者更有可能成为利他主义的接受者，那么利他主义就可以被自然选择所青睐。同样地，如果恶意行为者比非恶意行为者更不可能成为恶意的接受者，那么恶意就可以被自然选择所青睐。恶意是利他主义的邪恶双胞胎，利他主义的丑陋姐妹，或者利他主义的阴暗亲戚。在某些机制中，如重复互动，如果利他主义被自然选择所青睐，那么恶意也会被自然选择所青睐。然而，对于这两种行为是否以相同的程度进化，研究还很有限。在这项研究中，我们关注的是个体根据对手的行为选择继续或停止互动的机制。我们使用进化博弈论来研究这种机制下利他主义和恶意的进化。我们的模型表明，恶意的进化比利他主义的进化更不可能。
