Past as Prologue: Predicting Potential Psychosocial-Ethical Burdens of Positive Newborn Screens as Conditions Propagate.

We look to the past as prologue for guidance in predicting and circumventing potential psychosocial-ethical challenges, including those that may influence the attachment process for some parents. We consider the evolution of bioethics and developmental psychology as they intersect with newborn screening while exploring potential implications of positive findings, be they false positives, true positives, or secondary as well as incidental findings. We reflect on navigating the complex landscape that may be significantly impacted by variable phenotypes, the age of onset, and uncertain prognoses, mindful of the diagnostic odyssey . We explore select facets of ethical and psychological challenges encountered with positive newborn screening findings by highlighting enduring debates to improve the policy process in public health and medicine. We believe substantive empirical research is needed, including long-term follow-up, routine prenatal assessment of tolerance for uncertainties, and especially innovative methodologies to better evaluate potential psychological distress that may be present in some at-risk individuals during the perinatal period preceding and following reports of positive findings. Mitigation strategies building on lessons learned from NBS and clinical follow-up should be implemented and studied. We conclude by pondering why we remain far afield from providing these services. Research directed towards understanding the implications of positive NBS findings will further reduce the burdens on families and care providers alike and should lead to improved communication.