Williams Michelle K, Crawford Christopher A, Zapolski Tamika C, Hirsh Adam T, Stewart Jesse C
Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), 402 North Blackford Street, LD100E, 46202, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
Int J Behav Med. 2025 Feb;32(1):111-123. doi: 10.1007/s12529-024-10271-9. Epub 2024 Feb 23.
While evidence suggests that the mental health symptoms of COVID-19 can persist for several months following infection, little is known about the longer-term mental health effects and whether certain sociodemographic groups may be particularly impacted. This cross-sectional study aimed to characterize the longer-term mental health consequences of COVID-19 infection and examine whether such consequences are more pronounced in Black people and people with lower socioeconomic status.
277 Black and White adults (age ≥ 30 years) with a history of COVID-19 (tested positive ≥ 6 months prior to participation) or no history of COVID-19 infection completed a 45-minute online questionnaire battery.
People with a history of COVID-19 had greater depressive (d = 0.24), anxiety (d = 0.34), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (d = 0.32), and insomnia (d = 0.31) symptoms than those without a history of COVID-19. These differences remained for anxiety, PTSD, and insomnia symptoms after adjusting for age, sex, race, education, income, employment status, body mass index, and smoking status. No differences were detected for perceived stress and general psychopathology. People with a history of COVID-19 had more than double the odds of clinically significant symptoms of anxiety (OR = 2.22) and PTSD (OR = 2.40). Education, but not race, income, or employment status, moderated relationships of interest such that COVID-19 status was more strongly and positively associated with all the mental health outcomes for those with fewer years of education.
The mental health consequences of COVID-19 may be significant, widespread, and persistent for at least 6 months post-infection and may increase as years of education decreases.
虽然有证据表明，新冠病毒病（COVID-19）的心理健康症状在感染后可能会持续数月，但对于其长期心理健康影响以及某些社会人口学群体是否可能受到特别影响，人们了解甚少。这项横断面研究旨在描述COVID-19感染的长期心理健康后果，并研究这些后果在黑人及社会经济地位较低的人群中是否更为明显。
277名有或无COVID-19感染史的黑人和白人成年人（年龄≥30岁）（参与前检测呈阳性≥6个月）完成了一个45分钟的在线问卷组。
有COVID-19感染史的人比没有COVID-19感染史的人有更严重的抑郁（d = 0.24）、焦虑（d = 0.34）、创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）（d = 0.32）和失眠（d = 0.31）症状。在调整了年龄、性别、种族、教育程度、收入、就业状况、体重指数和吸烟状况后，焦虑、PTSD和失眠症状的这些差异仍然存在。在感知压力和一般精神病理学方面未检测到差异。有COVID-19感染史的人出现临床显著焦虑症状（OR = 2.22）和PTSD症状（OR = 2.40）的几率是其他人的两倍多。教育程度而非种族、收入或就业状况调节了相关关系，因此对于受教育年限较少的人来说，COVID-19感染状况与所有心理健康结果的关联更强且呈正相关。
COVID-19的心理健康后果可能很严重、广泛且在感染后至少6个月内持续存在，并且可能随着受教育年限的减少而增加。
