Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 55476, Saudi Arabia.
Genomics, Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel-By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
Viruses. 2024 Jan 31;16(2):227. doi: 10.3390/v16020227.
SARS-CoV-2 has caused the most devastating pandemic of all time in recent human history. However, there is a serious paucity of high-quality data on aggravating factors and mechanisms of co-infection. This study aimed to identify the trending patterns of bacterial co-infections and types and associated outcomes in three phases of the pandemic. Using quality hospital data, we have investigated the SARS-CoV-2 fatality rates, profiles, and types of bacterial co-infections before, during, and after COVID-19 vaccination. Out of 389 isolates used in different aspects, 298 were examined before and during the pandemic ( = 149 before, = 149 during). In this group, death rates were 32% during compared to only 7.4% before the pandemic with significant association (-value = 0.000000075). However, the death rate was 34% in co-infected ( = 170) compared to non-co-infected patients ( = 128), indicating a highly significant value (-value = 0.00000000000088). However, analysis of patients without other serious respiratory problems ( = 28) indicated that among the remaining 270 patients, death occurred in 30% of co-infected patients ( = 150) and only 0.8% of non-co-infected ( = 120) with a high significant -value = 0.00000000076. The trending patterns of co-infections before, during, and after vaccination showed a significant decline in with concomitant peaks in Gram negatives = 149 before/ = 149 during, including = 11/49 before/during, = 10/24, = 8/25, = 5/16, and 13/1. Nevertheless, in the post-vaccination phase ( = 91), gender-specific co-infections were examined for potential differences in susceptibility. Methicillin-resistant dominated both genders followed by in males and females, with the latter gender showing higher rates of isolations in both species. declined to third place in male patients. The drastic decline in and Gram negatives post-vaccination strongly implied a potential co-protection in vaccines. Future analysis would gain more insights into molecular mimicry.
SARS-CoV-2 是近年来人类历史上最具破坏性的大流行病。然而,关于合并感染的加重因素和机制,高质量数据严重匮乏。本研究旨在确定大流行三个阶段中细菌合并感染的流行趋势、类型及相关结局。我们使用高质量医院数据,调查了 SARS-CoV-2 死亡率、特征和 COVID-19 疫苗接种前后细菌合并感染的类型。在用于不同方面的 389 株分离株中,有 298 株在大流行前和大流行期间进行了检查(=149 株大流行前,=149 株大流行期间)。在该组中,大流行期间的死亡率为 32%,而大流行前仅为 7.4%,关联显著(-值=0.000000075)。然而,合并感染者的死亡率为 34%(=170),而非合并感染者的死亡率为 34%(=128),表明差异非常显著(-值=0.00000000000088)。然而,对无其他严重呼吸道问题的患者(=28)进行分析后发现,在其余 270 例患者中,合并感染者中有 30%(=150)死亡,而非合并感染者中仅有 0.8%(=120)死亡,差异具有统计学意义(-值=0.00000000076)。疫苗接种前、接种期间和接种后的合并感染流行趋势显示,在合并感染率相应达到高峰(=149 例接种前/=149 例接种期间,包括=11 例/49 例接种前/接种期间,=10 例/24 例,=8 例/25 例,=5 例/16 例,=13 例/1 例)的同时,显著下降。然而,在接种后阶段(=91),检查了性别特异性合并感染,以确定潜在的易感性差异。耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌在两性中均占主导地位,其次是肺炎链球菌,后者在两性中的分离率均较高。在男性患者中,粪肠球菌降至第三位。接种疫苗后,β-内酰胺酶阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌急剧下降,这强烈暗示疫苗具有潜在的共同保护作用。未来的分析将更深入地了解分子模拟。