Kallidonis Panagiotis, Peteinaris Angelis, Veneziano Domenico, Pietropaolo Amelia, Pagonis Konstantinos, Adamou Constantinos, Vagionis Athanasios, Al-Aown Abdulrahman, Liatsikos Evangelos, Somani Bhaskar
Department of Urology, University Hospital of Rion, Patras, Greece.
Department of Urology and Kidney Transplant, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano, Reggio Calabria, Italy.
Urol Ann. 2024 Jan-Mar;16(1):43-51. doi: 10.4103/ua.ua_112_22. Epub 2023 Nov 15.
In this review, we investigated the current literature to find out which artificial stones (AS) are available in endourology, and in which experimental and training schemes they are used.
A systematic review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement. Twenty-one out of 346 studies met our inclusion criteria and are presented in the current review. The inclusion criteria were the existence of AS and their use for laboratory and training studies.
There is a wide variety of materials used for the creation of AS. BegoStone powder (BEGO USA, Lincoln, Rhode Island) and plaster of Paris™ were used in most of the studies. In addition, Ultracal-30 (U. S. Gypsum, Chicago, IL) was also used. Other materials that were used as phantoms were AS created from plaster (Limbs and Things, UK), standardized artificial polygonal stone material (Chaton 1028, PP13, Jet 280; Swarovski), model stones consisting of spheres of activated aluminum (BASF SE, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Deutschland), Orthoprint (Zhermack, Badia Polesine, Italy), and a combination of plaster of Paris, Portland cement, and Velmix (calcium sulfate powder). Many experimental settings have been conducted with the use of AS. Our research demonstrated nine studies regarding testing and comparison of holmium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser devices, techniques, and settings. Six studies were about extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy testing and settings. Three experiments looked into treatment with percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Additionally, one study each investigated imaging perioperatively for endourological interventions, stone bacterial burden, and obstructive uropathy.
AS have been used in a plethora of laboratory experimental studies. Independent of their similarity to real urinary tract stones, they present a tremendous potential for testing and training for endourological interventions.
在本综述中，我们研究了当前的文献，以找出腔内泌尿外科中可用的人工结石（AS），以及它们用于哪些实验和培训方案。
根据系统评价和Meta分析的首选报告项目声明进行系统评价。346项研究中有21项符合我们的纳入标准，并在本综述中呈现。纳入标准是存在人工结石及其在实验室和培训研究中的使用。
用于制造人工结石的材料种类繁多。大多数研究使用了BegoStone粉末（美国BEGO公司，罗德岛州林肯市）和巴黎石膏™。此外，还使用了Ultracal-30（美国石膏公司，伊利诺伊州芝加哥）。用作模型的其他材料包括由石膏制成的人工结石（英国Limbs and Things公司）、标准化人工多边形石材（Chaton 1028、PP13、Jet 280；施华洛世奇）、由活性铝球组成的模型结石（德国巴斯夫股份公司，莱茵河畔路德维希港）、Orthoprint（意大利Zhermack公司，巴迪亚波莱西内），以及巴黎石膏、波特兰水泥和Velmix（硫酸钙粉末）的混合物。使用人工结石进行了许多实验设置。我们的研究表明，有9项关于钬：钇铝石榴石激光设备、技术和设置的测试与比较的研究。6项研究是关于体外冲击波碎石术的测试和设置。3项实验研究了经皮肾镜取石术的治疗。此外，各有1项研究分别调查了腔内泌尿外科手术的围手术期成像、结石细菌负荷和梗阻性尿路病。
人工结石已用于大量实验室实验研究。无论其与真实尿路结石的相似性如何，它们在腔内泌尿外科手术的测试和培训方面都具有巨大潜力。
