Efficient double-flowered gentian plant production using the CRISPR/Cas9 system.

Japanese cultivated gentians are highly valued ornamental flowers in Japan, but the flower shape is mostly limited to the single-flower type, unlike other flowers such as roses and carnations. To overcome this limitation, we used the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system to increase double-flowered genetic resources in gentians. Our approach targeted an () floral homeotic gene (), which is responsible for the natural mutation that causes double flowers in gentians. We designed two targets in exon 1 of for genome editing and found that 9 of 12 herbicide-resistant shoots had biallelic mutations in the target regions of . These nine lines all produced double flowers, with stamens converted into petaloid organs, similar to the natural mutant. We also analyzed the off-target effects of , which is homologous to , and found that such effects occurred in gentian genome editing but with low frequency. Furthermore, we successfully produced transgene-free genome-edited plants (null segregants) by crossing with wild-type pollen. F seedlings were subjected to PCR analysis to determine whether foreign DNA sequences, two partial regions of the CaMV35S promoter and gene, were present in the genome. As a result, foreign genes were segregated at a 1 : 1 ratio, indicating successful null segregant production. Using PCR analysis, we confirmed that four representative null segregants did not contain transfer DNA. In summary, our study demonstrates that the CRISPR/Cas9 system can efficiently produce double-flowered gentians, and null segregants can also be obtained. These genome-edited plants are valuable genetic resources for future gentian breeding programs.