Food Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands.
Wageningen Economic Research, Wageningen University & Research, 2970, 2502 LS, The Hague, the Netherlands.
Int J Food Microbiol. 2024 Apr 16;415:110637. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110637. Epub 2024 Feb 23.
Rural and small-scale chicken farming is a major source of income in most African countries, and chicken meat is an important source of nutrients. However, chicken meat can be contaminated with Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella spp., pathogens with a high reported burden of foodborne illnesses. Therefore, it is essential to control these pathogens in chicken meat. Quantitative microbial risk assessments (QMRA) can aid the development of effective food safety control measures and are currently lacking in chicken meat supply chains in the African context. In this study, we developed stochastic QMRA models for Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp. in the chicken meat supply chain in Burkina Faso and Ethiopia employing the modular process risk model in @Risk software. The study scope covered chicken farming, transport, slaughtering, consumer handling, and consumption. Effectiveness of candidate interventions was assessed against baseline models' outputs, which showed that the mean annual Campylobacter spp. risk estimates were 6482 cases of illness per 100,000 persons and 164 disability adjusted life years (DALYs) per 100,000 persons in Burkina Faso, and 12,145 cases and 272 DALYs per 100,000 persons in Ethiopia. For Salmonella spp., mean annual estimates were 2713 cases and 1212 DALYs per 100,000 persons in Burkina Faso, and 4745 cases and 432 DALYs per 100,000 persons in Ethiopia. Combining interventions (improved hand washing plus designated kitchen utensils plus improved cooking) resulted in 75 % risk reduction in Burkina Faso at restaurants and 93 to 94 % in Ethiopia at homes for both Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp. For Burkina Faso, adding good hygienic slaughter practices at the market to these combined interventions led to over 91 % microbial risk reduction. Interventions that involved multiple food safety actions in a particular step of the supply chain or combining different interventions from different steps of the supply chain resulted in more risk reduction than individual action interventions. Overall, this study demonstrates how diverse and scanty food supply chain information can be applied in QMRA to provide estimates that can be used to stimulate risk-based food safety action in African countries.
农村和小规模养鸡是大多数非洲国家的主要收入来源，鸡肉也是重要的营养来源。然而，鸡肉可能受到弯曲杆菌和沙门氏菌的污染，这些病原体是食源性疾病报告负担较高的病原体。因此，控制鸡肉中的这些病原体至关重要。定量微生物风险评估（QMRA）可以帮助制定有效的食品安全控制措施，而在非洲背景下，目前缺乏鸡肉供应链中的 QMRA。在这项研究中，我们使用 @Risk 软件中的模块化过程风险模型，为布基纳法索和埃塞俄比亚的鸡肉供应链中的沙门氏菌和弯曲杆菌开发了随机 QMRA 模型。研究范围涵盖了养鸡、运输、屠宰、消费者处理和消费。针对基线模型的输出评估了候选干预措施的有效性，结果表明，布基纳法索每年弯曲杆菌估计有 6482 例疾病病例，每 100,000 人中有 164 例残疾调整生命年（DALY），埃塞俄比亚每年有 12,145 例疾病病例和 272 例 DALY。对于沙门氏菌，布基纳法索每年有 2713 例疾病病例和 1212 例残疾调整生命年（DALY），埃塞俄比亚每年有 4745 例疾病病例和 432 例残疾调整生命年（DALY）。在布基纳法索的餐馆和埃塞俄比亚的家庭中，结合干预措施（加强洗手加专用厨房用具加改进烹饪）可使沙门氏菌和弯曲杆菌的风险降低 75%。在布基纳法索，在市场上增加良好的卫生屠宰做法与这些综合干预措施结合使用，可使微生物风险降低 91%以上。在供应链的特定步骤中涉及多项食品安全行动的干预措施或在供应链的不同步骤中结合不同的干预措施的干预措施，比单个行动干预措施的风险降低幅度更大。总体而言，本研究展示了如何在 QMRA 中应用多样化和稀缺的食品供应链信息来提供估计值，从而可以用于刺激非洲国家基于风险的食品安全行动。
