Sustainability Solutions Research Lab, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Egyetem str. 10, Veszprem H, 8200, Hungary; Environmental Research and Studies Center, University of Babylon, Babylon, Al-Hillah, 51001, Iraq; The School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Graduate, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia.
Chemistry Department, College of Science, Tikrit University, Iraq.
Environ Res. 2024 Jun 15;251(Pt 1):118565. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118565. Epub 2024 Mar 1.
This study endeavors to develop cost-effective environmentally friendly technology for removing harmful residual pharmaceuticals from water and wastewater by utilizing the effective adsorption of pistachio shell (PS) biochar and the degradation potency of laccase immobilized on the biochar (L@PSAC). The carbonatization and activation of the shells were optimized regarding temperature, time, and NHNO/PS ratio. This step yielded an optimum PS biochar (PSAC) with the highest porosity and surface area treated at 700 °C for 3 h using an NHNO/PS ratio of 3% wt. The immobilization of laccase onto PSAC (L@PSAC) was at its best level at pH 5, 60 U/g, and 30 °C. The optimum L@PSAC maintained a high level of enzyme activity over two months. Almost a complete removal (>99%) of diclofenac, carbamazepine, and ciprofloxacin in Milli-Q (MQ) water and wastewater was achieved. Adsorption was responsible for >80% of the removal and the rest was facilitated by laccase degradation. L@PSAC maintained effective removal of pharmaceuticals of ≥60% for up to six treatment cycles underscoring the promising application of this material for wastewater treatment. These results indicate that activated carbon derived from the pistachio shell could potentially be utilized as a carrier and adsorbent to efficiently remove pharmaceutical compounds. This enzymatic physical elimination approach has the potential to be used on a large-scale.
本研究旨在开发经济高效且环保的技术，通过利用开心果壳（PS）生物炭的有效吸附作用和固定在生物炭上的漆酶（L@PSAC）的降解能力，从水中去除有害的残留药物。对壳的碳酸化和活化进行了优化，考虑了温度、时间和 NHNO/PS 比。此步骤使用 NHNO/PS 比为 3%wt，在 700°C 下处理 3 小时，得到了具有最高孔隙率和表面积的最佳 PS 生物炭（PSAC）。漆酶固定在 PSAC 上（L@PSAC）的最佳条件为 pH5、60U/g 和 30°C。最佳的 L@PSAC 在两个月内保持了高水平的酶活性。在 Milli-Q（MQ）水和废水中，几乎完全去除了（>99%）双氯芬酸、卡马西平和环丙沙星。吸附负责去除>80%，其余由漆酶降解促进。L@PSAC 保持了高达 60%的药物去除效率，最多可进行六个处理循环，这突出了这种材料在废水处理中的应用前景。这些结果表明，从开心果壳中提取的活性炭可以作为载体和吸附剂，有效地去除药物化合物。这种酶促物理消除方法具有大规模应用的潜力。
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