Effects of HO pretreatment on the elemental fingerprints of bivalve shells and their implications for the traceability of geographic origin.

The fraudulent mislabelling of seafood geographic origin has been growing due to complex supply chains and growing consumer demand. To address this issue, seafood traceability tools, such as those based on elemental fingerprints (EF) of bivalve shells, have been successfully used to confirm their harvesting location. However, despite the usefulness of these methodologies, there is still room for optimization. Therefore, this study evaluated the effects of a routine procedure during bivalve shells preparation for ICP-MS analysis - their pretreatment with HO to remove organic components. More specifically, the present study evaluated the effects of HO on i) the elemental fingerprints of shells of two bivalve species ( and ) from four different locations over the north-western and the western Iberian coast, and ii) their influence on the accuracy of models (based on the EF of shells) used to confirm the geographic origin of these species. Significant differences were observed between untreated and pretreated shells of ( within location ranging from 0.0001 to 0.0011) and ( ranging from 0.0001 to 0.0007 for ) for both their elemental fingerprints as a whole and several individual elements. The accuracy of the models employed to determine the origin of the two bivalve species, using i) untreated shells, ii) pretreated shells, and iii) both pretreated and untreated shells grouped per location, was high, with the models accurately predicting the geographic origin of 100, 90 and 95% of and 95, 100 and 95% of , respectively. These results show that the shifts in the EF of bivalve shells promoted by treating them with HO prior to ICP-MS analysis did not affect the accuracy of the models used to confirm the geographic origin of both bivalve species. Therefore, the need to pre-treat bivalve shells with HO can be dismissed in future studies addressing the traceability of bivalves when using ICP-MS, thus contributing to reducing environmental impacts and economic costs associated with this procedure, as well as the time required to obtain results.