Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland.
Mediators Inflamm. 2024 Feb 27;2024:5830491. doi: 10.1155/2024/5830491. eCollection 2024.
Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of death in the world. A significant body of evidence suggests that inflammation and various players are implicated and have pivotal roles in the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is linked with different stages of atherosclerosis. This receptor is highly expressed in the endothelial cells (ECs) and atherosclerotic plaques. TLR4 activation can lead to the production of inflammatory cytokines and related responses. Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein-1 (LOX-1), an integral membrane glycoprotein with widespread expression on the ECs, is involved in atherosclerosis and has some common pathways with TLR4 in atherosclerotic lesions. In addition, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type9 (PCSK9), which is a regulatory enzyme with different roles in cholesterol uptake, is implicated in atherosclerosis. At present, TLR4, PCSK9, and LOX-1 are increasingly acknowledged as key players in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Herein, we presented the current evidence on the structure, functions, and roles of TLR4, PCSK9, and LOX-1 in atherosclerosis.
动脉粥样硬化是世界范围内主要的致死原因之一。大量证据表明，炎症和各种参与者在动脉粥样硬化斑块的形成中具有重要作用。Toll 样受体 4（TLR4）与动脉粥样硬化的不同阶段有关。这种受体在血管内皮细胞（ECs）和动脉粥样硬化斑块中高度表达。TLR4 的激活可导致炎症细胞因子的产生和相关反应。凝集素样氧化型低密度脂蛋白受体 1（LOX-1）是一种广泛表达于 ECs 的完整膜糖蛋白，它与动脉粥样硬化有关，并与 TLR4 在动脉粥样硬化病变中有一些共同途径。此外，前蛋白转化酶枯草溶菌素/激肽释放酶 9（PCSK9）是一种具有不同胆固醇摄取作用的调节酶，也与动脉粥样硬化有关。目前，TLR4、PCSK9 和 LOX-1 被越来越多地认为是动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病发病机制中的关键因素。在此，我们介绍了 TLR4、PCSK9 和 LOX-1 在动脉粥样硬化中的结构、功能和作用的最新证据。
