Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Inorganic, Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, 6 B. Krzywoustego Str., Gliwice, 44-100, Poland; Lukasiewicz Research Network- Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis "Blachownia", 9 Energetyków Str., Kędzierzyn-Koźle, 47-225, Poland.
Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Inorganic, Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, 6 B. Krzywoustego Str., Gliwice, 44-100, Poland.
Environ Res. 2024 Jun 15;251(Pt 1):118608. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118608. Epub 2024 Mar 4.
The purpose of the study was to evaluate the occurrence and distribution of emerging contaminants, poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), in the Polish Oder River, aiming to uncover new insights into their environmental impact. The research aimed to identify potential sources of PFAS, assess water quality levels, and verify compliance with European Union environmental quality standards. The concentrations of 25 PFAS (20 legacy and 5 emerging) in 20 samples from intakes upstream and downstream of urban areas were analyzed using novel, developed in these studies, environmental analytical procedures involving solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The presence of 14 PFAS was confirmed, and the concentration of ΣPFAS ranged from 7.6 to 68.0 ng/L. The main components were short-chain analogs. PFBA was the most abundant, accounting for about one-third of all PFAS detected. An exception was observed in the waters of the Gliwice Canal, where ADONA represented half of the detected ΣPFAS. Alternative PFOS replacements were found in all samples. In 11 of 20 water samples, environmental quality standards for PFOS exceeded the limit of 0.65 ng/L. In 5 of 9 cases, the ability of urban areas to increase PFAS levels in the river was determined. 9.5%-54.4% share of alternative PFAS in relation to the sum of the targeted PFAS showing their increasing use as substitutes for phased-out PFOS. Hierarchical cluster analysis was used to identify potential sources of PFAS. Analysis revealed that PFAS in the Oder River most likely originated from domestic and agricultural wastewater, as well as chemical industry discharges. However, the occurrence of PFAS in the Oder River is low and comparable to other recent European studies. These findings provide valuable insights for environmental management to mitigate the risks associated with PFAS pollution in Polish rivers. Moreover, the developed analytical procedure provides a valuable tool that can be successfully applied by other researchers to monitor PFAS in rivers around the world.
本研究旨在评估新兴污染物、多氟和全氟烷基物质 (PFAS) 在波兰奥得河中的分布和存在情况，以期深入了解其对环境的影响。研究旨在确定 PFAS 的潜在来源，评估水质水平，并验证是否符合欧盟环境质量标准。使用在这些研究中开发的新型环境分析程序，通过固相萃取和液相色谱-串联质谱法，对来自城市上游和下游入口的 20 个样本中的 25 种 PFAS（20 种传统物质和 5 种新兴物质）的浓度进行了分析。确认了 14 种 PFAS 的存在，ΣPFAS 的浓度范围为 7.6 至 68.0 ng/L。主要成分是短链类似物。全氟丁酸 (PFBA) 最为丰富，约占所有检测到的 PFAS 的三分之一。在格利维采运河的水域中观察到一个例外，其中 ADONA 占检测到的 ΣPFAS 的一半。在所有样品中都发现了替代 PFOS 的物质。在 20 个水样中的 11 个中，PFOS 的环境质量标准超过了 0.65 ng/L 的限值。在 9 个案例中的 5 个中，确定了城市地区增加河流中 PFAS 水平的能力。替代 PFAS 占目标 PFAS 总和的 9.5%至 54.4%，表明它们作为淘汰 PFOS 的替代品的使用日益增加。采用层次聚类分析来识别 PFAS 的潜在来源。分析表明，奥得河中的 PFAS 很可能源自家庭和农业废水以及化工行业的排放。然而，奥得河中的 PFAS 含量较低，与其他最近的欧洲研究相当。这些发现为环境管理提供了有价值的见解，以减轻波兰河流中 PFAS 污染带来的风险。此外，开发的分析程序为其他研究人员提供了一种有价值的工具，可以成功地用于监测世界各地河流中的 PFAS。
