School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia.
GD Animal Health, Deventer, and Department Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands.
Prev Vet Med. 2024 May;226:106161. doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106161. Epub 2024 Feb 24.
Quantification of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is beneficial to inform policies and direct prudent antimicrobial use.
This study aimed to assess the current published evidence of AMR from passive and active ad hoc surveillance activities within the Australian dairy cattle industry.
Following a scoping review framework 373 articles published before January 2023 were retrieved using the keyword search function from two online databases (PubMed® and Web of Science™ Core Collection). The duplicate articles were removed and the title, abstract, and full text of the remaining articles were reviewed following the study objectives and inclusion criteria (location, subject/theme, and data). Data from the remaining articles were extracted, summarised, interpreted and the study quality assessed using the Grades of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation guidelines.
A total of 29 articles dating from the 1960 s until 2022 were identified to meet the study criteria (passive: n = 15; active: n = 14). Study characteristics such as sampling type, sampling method, and AMR assessment were all common characteristics from both passive and active surveillance articles, being milk samples, individual sampling, and phenotypic assessment respectively. Passive surveillance articles had a wider range in both the type of bacteria and the number of antimicrobials investigated, while active surveillance articles included a higher number of bacterial isolates and sampling from healthy populations. There was an overall low level of clinical AMR across all articles. Higher prevalence of non-wildtype Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Staphylococcus spp., although limited in data, was suggested for commonly used Australian veterinary antimicrobials for these bacteria. The prevalence of phenotypic AMR varied due to the health and age status of the sampled animals. The articles reviewed in this study suggest the prevalence of AMR genes was higher for commonly used antimicrobials, although genes were not always related to the phenotypic AMR profile.
Published evidence of AMR in the Australian dairy cattle industry is limited as demonstrated by only 29 articles included in this review following selection criteria screening. However, collectively these articles provide insight on industry AMR prevalence. For example, the suggestion of non-wildtype bacteria within the Australian dairy cattle indicating a risk of emerging or increasing industry AMR. Therefore, further surveillance is required to monitor the development of future AMR risk within the industry. Additionally, evidence suggesting that animals varying in health and age differ in prevalence of AMR imply a requirement for further research into animal population demographics to reduce potential bias in data collated in both national and global surveillance activities.
量化抗菌药物耐药性（AMR）有助于为政策提供信息并指导合理使用抗菌药物。
本研究旨在评估目前在澳大利亚奶牛养殖业中通过被动和主动专门监测活动获得的 AMR 相关发表证据。
本研究采用范围综述框架，通过关键词搜索功能，在两个在线数据库（PubMed®和 Web of Science™核心合集）中检索到 2023 年 1 月之前发表的 373 篇文章。删除重复的文章，并根据研究目标和纳入标准（地点、主题/主题和数据）对其余文章的标题、摘要和全文进行审查。使用推荐评估、制定与评价分级（Grades of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation）指南提取、总结、解释和评估剩余文章的数据，并评估研究质量。
共确定了 29 篇符合研究标准的文章（被动监测：n=15；主动监测：n=14），这些文章的发表时间从 20 世纪 60 年代到 2022 年不等。被动和主动监测文章都具有一些共同的特征，如采样类型、采样方法和 AMR 评估，分别为牛奶样本、个体采样和表型评估。与主动监测文章相比，被动监测文章的细菌种类和研究的抗菌药物数量范围更广。而主动监测文章则包括了更多的细菌分离株和来自健康人群的样本。所有文章中整体临床 AMR 水平都较低。尽管数据有限，但非野生型大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌和葡萄球菌的比例较高，提示这些细菌对澳大利亚兽医常用的抗菌药物具有较高的耐药性。由于采样动物的健康和年龄状况不同，表型 AMR 的流行率也有所不同。本综述中回顾的文章表明，常见抗菌药物的 AMR 基因的流行率较高，尽管基因并不总是与表型 AMR 特征相关。
本研究通过选择标准筛选后，仅纳入了 29 篇文章，这表明澳大利亚奶牛养殖业中 AMR 的发表证据有限。然而，这些文章共同提供了有关行业 AMR 流行率的信息。例如，澳大利亚奶牛中出现非野生型细菌的情况表明存在行业 AMR 风险增加的风险。因此，需要进一步监测以监测行业内未来 AMR 风险的发展。此外，有证据表明，健康和年龄不同的动物 AMR 的流行率也不同，这意味着需要进一步研究动物种群的人口统计学特征，以减少在国家和全球监测活动中收集的数据中的潜在偏差。
