Institute of Metropolitan Development, Navamindradhiraj University, Bangkok, Thailand.
HAUS IAQ Research Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2024 Apr;31(17):25454-25467. doi: 10.1007/s11356-024-32843-8. Epub 2024 Mar 12.
A PM crisis in Thailand has caused the Thai government and public to be increasingly concerned about children's exposure to PM during time in school. This study is a part of a project to create a modeled effective school indoor air quality management for the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA). We measured air quality and environment in 10 Bangkok school rooms, including CO, CO, O, PM, PM, TVOC, formaldehyde, airborne bacteria and fungi, and gaseous organic contaminants. The indoor-to-outdoor concentration ratios indicated that either outdoor sources or indoor + outdoor sources were the predominant contributors to PM in naturally ventilated classrooms. Meanwhile, PM levels in air-conditioned classrooms strongly depended on class activities. CO measurements showed that the air-conditioned classrooms had a low 0.4 per hour air change rate and total fungal counts also reached 800 CFU m. Analysis of gaseous organic compounds showed that the two most abundant were aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, accounting for 60% by mass concentration. Interestingly, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, a mucous membrane irritant, was detected in all study rooms. In one naturally ventilated classroom, we implemented a positive pressure fresh air system to mitigate in-class PM levels; it kept PM levels below 20 μg m throughout the class day. Students reported a 20-37% increase in satisfaction with the perceived indoor environmental quality and reported reduced rates in all symptoms of the sick building syndrome after implementing the positive pressure system.
泰国发生 PM 危机，促使泰国政府和民众日益关注儿童在学校期间接触 PM 的问题。本研究是曼谷都市区管理局（BMA）创建模拟有效的学校室内空气质量管理项目的一部分。我们测量了 10 间曼谷学校教室的空气质量和环境，包括 CO、CO、O、PM、PM、TVOC、甲醛、空气传播细菌和真菌以及气态有机污染物。室内与室外浓度比表明，在自然通风的教室中，PM 主要来自室外源或室内+室外源。同时，空调教室中的 PM 水平强烈取决于课堂活动。CO 测量表明，空调教室的每小时空气交换率低至 0.4，总真菌计数也达到 800 CFU m。对气态有机化合物的分析表明，最丰富的两种是脂肪族和芳香族碳氢化合物，占质量浓度的 60%。有趣的是，所有研究教室都检测到黏膜刺激性物质 2-乙基-1-己醇。在一个自然通风的教室中，我们实施了正压新风系统以降低课堂内的 PM 水平；它使整个课堂日的 PM 水平保持在 20 μg m 以下。学生报告称，对室内环境质量的满意度提高了 20-37%，并且在实施正压系统后，所有病态建筑综合征的症状发生率都降低了。
