Magnetic modulation of lysosomes for cancer therapy.

Lysosomes play a central role in biochemical signal transduction and oxidative stress in cells. Inducing lysosome membrane penetration (LMP) to cause lysosomal-dependent cell death (LCD) in tumor cells is an effective strategy for cancer therapy. Chemical drugs can destroy the stability of lysosomes by neutralizing protons within the lysosomes or enhancing the fragility of the lysosomal membranes. However, there remain several unsolved problems of traditional drugs in LMP induction due to insufficient lysosomal targeting, fast metabolism, and toxicity in normal cells. With the development of nanotechnology, magnetic nanoparticles have been demonstrated to target lysosomes naturally, providing a versatile tool for lysosomal modulation. Combined with excellent tissue penetration and spatiotemporal manipulability of magnetic fields, magnetic modulation of lysosomes progresses rapidly in inducing LMP and LCD for cancer therapy. This review comprehensively discussed the strategies of magnetic modulation of lysosomes for cancer therapy. The intrinsic mechanisms of LMP-induced LCD were first introduced. Then, the modulation of lysosomes by diverse physical outputs of magnetic fields was emphatically discussed. Looking forward, this review will shed the light on the prospect of magnetic modulation of lysosomes, inspiring future research of magnetic modulation strategy in cancer therapy. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology.