Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
J Environ Manage. 2024 Apr;356:120572. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120572. Epub 2024 Mar 16.
The unfavorable phenomenon of activated sludge bulking that occurs in sewage treatment plants (WWTPs) is caused by the over-proliferation of filamentous bacteria that should be limited by the Lecane rotifers that feed on them; however, predatory, rotiferovorous fungi that often inhabit WWTPs pose a real threat to these organisms. To solve this problem, we investigated the interaction of the fungus Clonostachys rosea, which is a known Biological Control Agent (BCA) and the predacious Zoophagus sp. in simplified laboratory culture conditions. The presence of C. rosea in the cultures reduced the number of active traps, thus translating into a much smaller number of rotifers being caught. The mycelium of C. rosea was labeled with a red fluorescent protein (RFP). The life cycle of C. rosea that were attacking Zoophagus sp. (hunting for rotifers) is described. C. rosea spores germinate into single-celled forms and penetrate the interior of the Zoophagus mycelium where they feed on the cytoplasm. Then is the mycelium produced abundantly and forms conidiophores. This type of life strategy has not been known before. The obtained results demonstrated the potential of C. rosea as a BCA that can be used to protect rotifers in the event of an infection of activated sludge by the predatory fungi that threaten the rotifer population.
污水处理厂(WWTP)中出现的活性污泥膨胀不良现象是由丝状菌过度增殖引起的,这些丝状菌应该受到以它们为食的轮虫的限制;然而,经常栖息在 WWTP 中的捕食性、以轮虫为食的真菌对这些生物构成了真正的威胁。为了解决这个问题,我们研究了真菌玫瑰色丛梗孢(Clonostachys rosea)与捕食性的Zoophagus sp. 在简化的实验室培养条件下的相互作用。在培养物中存在 C. rosea 会减少活跃的陷阱数量,从而导致被捕食的轮虫数量明显减少。C. rosea 的菌丝体被标记上红色荧光蛋白(RFP)。描述了 C. rosea 攻击 Zoophagus sp.(捕食轮虫)的生命周期。C. rosea 孢子发芽成单细胞形式,并穿透 Zoophagus 菌丝体内部,在那里它们以细胞质为食。然后菌丝体大量产生并形成分生孢子梗。这种生活策略以前是未知的。获得的结果表明,C. rosea 作为一种生物防治剂具有潜力,可以在活性污泥受到威胁轮虫种群的捕食性真菌感染时,用于保护轮虫。