Department of Laboratory Medicine, Althaia Xarxa Assistencial Universitària de Manresa, Manresa, Catalonia, Spain.
Tissue Repair and Regeneration Laboratory, Institut de Recerca i Innovació en Ciències de la Vida i de la Salut a la Catalunya Central, Barcelona, Spain.
Tumour Biol. 2024;46(s1):S35-S63. doi: 10.3233/TUB-220023.
Tumor markers (TMs) are a heterogeneous group of molecules used in the diagnosis, prognosis and follow-up of cancer patients. During neoplastic differentiation, cells can either directly synthesize or induce the synthesis of TMs, and the release of these molecules into the bloodstream allows their quantification in biological fluids. Although very small concentrations of TMs are usually present in the serum or plasma of healthy subjects, increased concentrations may also be found in the presence of benign diseases or due to technical interference, producing false positive results.
Our review analyses the causes of false positives described between January 1970 to February 2023 for the TMs most frequently used in clinical practice: α-fetoprotein (AFP), β2-microglobulin (β2-M), cancer antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3), cancer antigen CA 19-9 (CA 19-9), cancer antigen CA 72-4 (CA 72-4), cancer antigen 125 (CA 125), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), chromogranin A (CgA), choriogonadotropin (hCG), cytokeratin 19 fragment (CYFRA 21-1), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), human epididymis protein 4 (HE4), serum HER2 (sHER2), squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCCA), protein induced by vitamin K absence-II (PIVKA-II), Pro-gastrin-releasing peptide (Pro-GRP), prostate-specific antigen (PSA), Protein S-100 (S-100) and thyroglobulin (Tg). A total of 247 references were included.
A better understanding of pathophysiological processes and other conditions that affect the concentration of TMs might improve the interpretation of results and their clinical application.
肿瘤标志物（TMs）是一组用于诊断、预后和随访癌症患者的异质分子。在肿瘤分化过程中，细胞可以直接合成或诱导 TM 的合成，这些分子释放到血液中，允许在生物体液中对其进行定量。尽管健康受试者的血清或血浆中通常存在非常小浓度的 TM，但在良性疾病存在或由于技术干扰的情况下，也可能发现浓度增加，从而产生假阳性结果。
我们的综述分析了 1970 年 1 月至 2023 年 2 月期间描述的 TMs 最常用于临床实践的假阳性原因：甲胎蛋白（AFP）、β2-微球蛋白（β2-M）、癌抗原 15-3（CA 15-3）、癌抗原 CA 19-9（CA 19-9）、癌抗原 CA 72-4（CA 72-4）、癌抗原 125（CA 125）、癌胚抗原（CEA）、嗜铬粒蛋白 A（CgA）、绒毛膜促性腺激素（hCG）、细胞角蛋白 19 片段（CYFRA 21-1）、神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）、人附睾蛋白 4（HE4）、血清 HER2（sHER2）、鳞状细胞癌抗原（SCCA）、维生素 K 缺乏蛋白诱导物-II（PIVKA-II）、胃泌素释放肽前体（Pro-GRP）、前列腺特异性抗原（PSA）、蛋白 S-100（S-100）和甲状腺球蛋白（Tg）。共纳入 247 篇参考文献。
更好地了解影响 TM 浓度的病理生理过程和其他情况可能会改善结果的解释及其临床应用。
