Shahub Sarah, Kumar Ruchita Mahesh, Lin Kai-Chun, Banga Ivneet, Choi Natalie K, Garcia Nicole M, Muthukumar Sriram, Rubin David T, Prasad Shalini
Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2025 Mar 3;31(3):647-654. doi: 10.1093/ibd/izae054.
Wearable sensor devices represent a noninvasive technology to continuously track biomarkers linked to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We assessed the inflammatory markers associated with IBD in human perspiration.
Participants with IBD were monitored for 40 to 130 minutes with a proprietary wearable sensor device used to measure C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and calprotectin. Sensor response using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and serum samples were measured on the same day. The Mann-Whitney test was used to analyze the relationship between active and remission IBD in serum and perspiration, classified according to endoscopic reports and serum biomarker levels. Asynchronously collected fecal calprotectin from a subset of the population was similarly analyzed.
A total of 33 subjects were enrolled. Expression of calprotectin was significantly elevated in the active cohort compared with the remission cohort in perspiration (P < .05; median = 906.69 ng/mL; active 95% confidence interval [CI], 466.0-1833 ng/mL; remission 95% CI, 328.4-950.8 ng/mL), serum (median = 1860.82 ng/mL; active 95% CI, 1705-2985 ng/mL; remission 95% CI, 870.2-1786 ng/mL), and stool (P < .05; median = 126.74 µg/g; active 95% CI, 77.08-347.1 µg/g; remission 95% CI, 5.038-190.4 µg/g). Expression of CRP in perspiration and serum was comparable between the active and remission cohorts (perspiration: P > .05; median = 970.83 pg/mL; active 95% CI, 908.7-992 pg/mL; remission 95% CI, 903.3-991.9 pg/mL; serum: median = 2.34 µg/mL; active 95% CI, 1.267-4.492 µg/mL; remission 95% CI, 1.648-4.287 µg/mL). Expression of interleukin-6 in perspiration was nonsignificant in the active cohort compared with the remission cohort and was significantly elevated in serum (perspiration: P < .05; median = 2.13 pg/mL; active 95% CI, 2.124-2.44 pg/mL; remission 95% CI, 1.661-2.451 pg/mL; serum: median = 1.15 pg/mL; active 95% CI, 1.549-3.964 pg/mL; remission 95% CI, 0.4301-1.257 pg/mL). Analysis of the linear relationship between perspiration and serum calprotectin (R2 = 0.7195), C-reactive protein (R2 = 0.615), and interleukin-6 (R2 = 0.5411) demonstrated a strong to moderate relationship across mediums.
We demonstrate the clinical utility of perspiration as a noninvasive medium for continuous measurement of inflammatory markers in IBD and find that the measures correlate with serum and stool markers across a range of disease activity.
可穿戴传感器设备是一种用于持续追踪与炎症性肠病（IBD）相关生物标志物的非侵入性技术。我们评估了人类汗液中与IBD相关的炎症标志物。
使用一种用于测量C反应蛋白、白细胞介素-6和钙卫蛋白的专利可穿戴传感器设备，对IBD患者进行40至130分钟的监测。在同一天测量使用电化学阻抗谱的传感器响应和血清样本。采用曼-惠特尼检验分析根据内镜报告和血清生物标志物水平分类的血清和汗液中IBD活动期与缓解期之间的关系。对一部分人群异步收集的粪便钙卫蛋白进行类似分析。
共纳入33名受试者。与缓解期队列相比，活动期队列汗液中钙卫蛋白的表达显著升高（P <.05；中位数 = 906.69 ng/mL；活动期95%置信区间[CI]，466.0 - 1833 ng/mL；缓解期95% CI，328.4 - 950.8 ng/mL），血清中（中位数 = 1860.82 ng/mL；活动期95% CI，1705 - 2985 ng/mL；缓解期95% CI，870.2 - 1786 ng/mL），以及粪便中（P <.05；中位数 = 126.74 µg/g；活动期95% CI，77.08 - 347.1 µg/g；缓解期95% CI，5.038 - 190.4 µg/g）。活动期队列与缓解期队列汗液和血清中CRP的表达相当（汗液：P >.05；中位数 = 970.83 pg/mL；活动期95% CI，908.7 - 992 pg/mL；缓解期95% CI，903.3 - 991.9 pg/mL；血清：中位数 = 2.34 µg/mL；活动期95% CI，1.267 - 4.492 µg/mL；缓解期95% CI，1.648 - 4.287 µg/mL）。与缓解期队列相比，活动期队列汗液中白细胞介素-6的表达无显著差异，而血清中显著升高（汗液：P <.05；中位数 = 2.13 pg/mL；活动期95% CI，2.124 - 2.44 pg/mL；缓解期95% CI，1.661 - 2.451 pg/mL；血清：中位数 = 1.15 pg/mL；活动期95% CI，1.549 - 3.964 pg/mL；缓解期95% CI，0.4301 - 1.257 pg/mL）。对汗液和血清中钙卫蛋白（R2 = 0.7195）、C反应蛋白（R2 = 0.615）和白细胞介素-6（R2 = 0.5411）的线性关系分析表明，不同介质之间存在强至中度关系。
我们证明了汗液作为一种非侵入性介质在IBD中连续测量炎症标志物的临床实用性，并发现这些测量值在一系列疾病活动中与血清和粪便标志物相关。
