School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America.
School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America.
PLoS One. 2024 Mar 25;19(3):e0301024. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301024. eCollection 2024.
The concoction known as "lean" containing codeine and promethazine, holds a prominent cultural presence and is often referenced in mass media platforms (e.g., music and social media). Surprisingly, there's a scarcity of national data characterizing the use of lean. Therefore, the current study investigated the use of lean using national survey data and online forum participant input, and focused on identifying concurrent substance use, exploring co-administration with other substances (e.g., alcohol, cannabis), and determining lean-related experiences.
We analyzed data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) spanning 2007-2019, identifying persons who used lean (weighted N = 42,275). Additionally, we conducted a Reddit-based study to gather insights about lean consumtion (N = 192).
The NSDUH data indicated that lean use was most prevalent among teenagers and young adults (ages 13-21), accounting for 66% of the sample. This trend was more pronounced in male respondents (75%) compared to females. Additionally, the use was predominantly observed among Black/African American (29%), Hispanic (28%), and White (33%) populations, with these groups also reporting higher levels of concurrent alcohol and cannabis use. Similarly, findings from Reddit showed that individuals who used lean were predominantly male (67%) and exhibited elevated concurrent rates of alcohol (83%) and cannabis (46%) use in the past 30 days. Moreover, approximately 66% of respondents met criteria for severe lean use disorder, and 37% acknowledged driving under its influence.
The NSDUH data found that mostly young adult males reported consuming lean in the past twelve months, though the racial/ethnic breakdown of persons who used lean was diverse. The Reddit data found that most individuals in the sample met the criteria for a substance use disorder pertaining to their lean consumption. These findings underscore the clinical significance and necessity for further controlled research on lean.
含有可待因和苯海拉明的混合物“lean”在文化中占有重要地位，经常在大众媒体平台（如音乐和社交媒体）中被提及。令人惊讶的是，目前还缺乏全国性的数据来描述 lean 的使用情况。因此，本研究使用全国性调查数据和在线论坛参与者的输入来调查 lean 的使用情况，重点是识别同时使用的物质，探索与其他物质（如酒精、大麻）的联合使用，并确定与 lean 相关的体验。
我们分析了 2007-2019 年全国毒品使用与健康调查（NSDUH）的数据，确定了使用 lean 的人（加权 N=42275）。此外，我们还进行了一项基于 Reddit 的研究，以收集有关 lean 消费的见解（N=192）。
NSDUH 数据显示，lean 的使用在青少年和年轻人（13-21 岁）中最为普遍，占样本的 66%。这一趋势在男性受访者（75%）中比女性更为明显。此外，使用主要发生在黑人和非裔美国人（29%）、西班牙裔（28%）和白人（33%）人群中，这些群体同时报告了更高水平的酒精和大麻使用。同样，Reddit 的研究结果表明，使用 lean 的人主要是男性（67%），在过去 30 天内同时使用酒精（83%）和大麻（46%）的比例较高。此外，约 66%的受访者符合严重 lean 使用障碍的标准，37%的人承认在 lean 的影响下开车。
NSDUH 数据发现，过去 12 个月，主要是年轻男性报告使用 lean，但使用 lean 的人群在种族/族裔方面存在多样性。Reddit 的数据发现，样本中的大多数人都符合 lean 消费相关物质使用障碍的标准。这些发现强调了 lean 的临床意义和进一步进行对照研究的必要性。
