International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
University of Geneva, Faculty of Sciences, Earth and Environment Sciences, Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
Chemosphere. 2024 May;355:141777. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141777. Epub 2024 Mar 23.
With the wide use of nanomaterials in daily life, nano-titanium dioxide (nano-TiO) presents potential ecological risks to marine ecosystems, which can be exacerbated by ocean warming (OW). However, most previous studies have only centered around waterborne exposure, while there is a scarcity of studies concentrating on the impact of trophic transfer exposure on organisms. We investigated the differences in toxic effects of 100 μg/L nano-TiO on mussels via two pathways (waterborne and foodborne) under normal (24 °C) and warming (28 °C) conditions. Single nano-TiO exposure (waterborne and foodborne) elevated the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities as well as the content of glutathione (GSH), indicating activated antioxidatant response in the intestine. However, depressed antioxidant enzymes and accumulated peroxide products (LPO and protein carbonyl content, PCC) demonstrated that warming in combination with nano-TiO broke the prooxidant-antioxidant homeostasis of mussels. Our findings also indicated that nano-TiO and high temperature exhibited adverse impacts on amylase (AMS), trypsin (PS), and trehalase (THL). Additionally, activated immune function (lysozyme) comes at the cost of energy expenditure of protein (decreased protein concentration). The hydrodynamic diameter of nano-TiO at 24 °C (1693-2261 nm) was lower than that at 28 °C (2666-3086 nm). Bioaccumulation results (range from 0.022 to 0.432 μg/g) suggested that foodborne induced higher Ti contents in intestine than waterborne. In general, the combined effects of nano-TiO and warming demonstrated a more pronounced extent of interactive effects and severe damage to antioxidant, digestive, and immune parameters in mussel intestine. The toxicological impact of nano-TiO was intensified through trophic transfer. The toxic effects of nano-TiO are non-negligible and can be exerted together through both water- and foodborne exposure routes, which deserves further investigation.
随着纳米材料在日常生活中的广泛应用，纳米二氧化钛（nano-TiO）对海洋生态系统存在潜在的生态风险，而海洋变暖（OW）会加剧这种风险。然而，大多数先前的研究仅集中在水基暴露方面，而对食物链暴露对生物体的影响研究较少。我们研究了在正常（24°C）和变暖（28°C）条件下，通过水基和食物基两种途径，100μg/L 的纳米 TiO 对贻贝的毒性效应差异。单一纳米 TiO 暴露（水基和食物基）会提高超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）的活性以及谷胱甘肽（GSH）的含量，表明肠道中抗氧化剂反应被激活。然而，抗氧化酶的抑制和过氧化物产物（LPO 和蛋白质羰基含量，PCC）的积累表明，纳米 TiO 和高温破坏了贻贝的氧化还原平衡。我们的研究结果还表明，纳米 TiO 和高温对淀粉酶（AMS）、胰蛋白酶（PS）和海藻糖酶（THL）有不良影响。此外，免疫功能的激活（溶菌酶）是以蛋白质能量消耗（蛋白质浓度降低）为代价的。24°C 时纳米 TiO 的水动力直径（1693-2261nm）低于 28°C 时的水动力直径（2666-3086nm）。生物累积结果（范围从 0.022 到 0.432μg/g）表明，食物基诱导肠道中 Ti 含量高于水基。总的来说，纳米 TiO 和变暖的联合作用对贻贝肠道中的抗氧化、消化和免疫参数表现出更显著的交互作用和更严重的破坏。纳米 TiO 的毒性通过食物链传递得到了加强。纳米 TiO 的毒性不容忽视，并且可以通过水基和食物基暴露途径共同作用，值得进一步研究。
