Survivorship Struggles: Navigating Etiologies and Clinical Parameters of Febrile Neutropenia During Induction Chemotherapy in Acute Leukemia Patients.

Background Acute leukemia, characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of immature white blood cell precursors, poses significant challenges during induction chemotherapy, including the elevated risk of febrile neutropenia and its associated complications. Our study aims to explain the clinical and etiological parameters of these patients in a resource-limited setting. Methods This retrospective study focused on a total of 102 adult patients with acute leukemia who developed febrile neutropenia during the induction chemotherapy phase. Patients with disease relapse, prior bone marrow transplantation, and cases of acute promyelocytic leukemia were excluded from the study. Demographical characteristics, symptoms at presentation, diagnoses, infectious causes, and outcomes were systematically reported. Infectious etiologies and detailed culture reports were meticulously tabulated, and subsequent data were analyzed. Results Of the 102 patients, 43 (42.2%) were males, with a mean age of 31.9 ± 6.5 years. During the induction chemotherapy, a total of 31 patients died of complicated febrile neutropenia. Severe vomiting was the most common symptom present in 37 (36.2%), followed by cough in 35 (34.3%) and loose stools in 28 (27.5%). Community-acquired pneumonia, neutropenic sepsis, and neutropenic colitis were among the most common etiologies of febrile neutropenia. A total of 72 (70.6%) patients had culture-proven multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteremia that contributed to poor outcomes. Conclusions Acute leukemia patients undergoing induction chemotherapy face high infection-associated mortality due to their immunocompromised state. Inadequate infection control measures and antimicrobial resistance contribute to the emergence of multidrug-resistant organisms. Enhanced infection prevention strategies and evidence-based antibiotic prescription guidelines are need of time in resource-limited settings such as Pakistan to address febrile neutropenia complications and bridge the existing care gap in its management.