不同阶层的社会地位对儿童期社会经济地位较高与成年早期认知能力的不同影响。
Disparate benefits of higher childhood socioeconomic status on cognition in young adulthood by intersectional social positions.
机构信息
Andrus Gerontology Center, 3715 McClintock Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
School of Social Work, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
出版信息
Adv Life Course Res. 2024 Jun;60:100608. doi: 10.1016/j.alcr.2024.100608. Epub 2024 Mar 24.
OBJECTIVES
Emerging evidence supports the protective effects of higher childhood socioeconomic status (cSES) on cognition over the life course. However, less understood is if higher cSES confers benefits equally across intersecting social positions. Guided by a situational intersectionality perspective and the theory of Minority Diminished Returns (MDR), this study examined the extent to which associations between cSES and cognition in young adulthood are jointly moderated by racialized identity and region of childhood residence.
METHODS
Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health), we used multilevel modeling to test associations between cSES and delayed recall and working memory 14 years later when participants were ages 25-34. Further, we examined the influence of racialized identity and region of childhood residence on these associations.
RESULTS
Higher cSES was associated with higher delayed recall and working memory scores across social positions. However, the strength of the association between higher cSES and working memory differed across racialized subgroups and region of childhood residence. We found a statistically significant three-way interaction between cSES, race and region of childhood residence. Of particular important, a small yet statistically robust association was found in all groups, but was especially strong among White Southerners and especially weak among Black participants from the South.
CONCLUSIONS
This study contributes to a growing body of research indicating that the protective effects of higher cSES on cognition are not universal across subgroups of intersecting social positions, consistent with the theory of MDR. These findings provide evidence for the importance of considering the role of systemic racism across geographic contexts as part of initiatives to promote equity in life course cognitive aging and brain health.
目的
越来越多的证据表明，童年时期较高的社会经济地位（cSES）对整个生命周期的认知有保护作用。然而，人们对较高的 cSES 是否平等地赋予处于交叉社会地位的人带来益处知之甚少。本研究以情境交叉性观点和少数族裔回报递减理论（MDR）为指导，考察了 cSES 与年轻人认知之间的关联在多大程度上受到种族认同和童年居住地区的共同调节。
方法
利用青少年到成人健康纵向研究（Add Health）的数据，我们使用多层次模型检验了 cSES 与 14 年后 25-34 岁参与者的延迟回忆和工作记忆之间的关联。此外，我们还考察了种族认同和童年居住地区对这些关联的影响。
结果
较高的 cSES 与跨社会地位的较高延迟回忆和工作记忆评分相关。然而，cSES 与工作记忆之间的关联强度在种族化亚组和童年居住地区之间存在差异。我们发现 cSES、种族和童年居住地区之间存在统计学上显著的三向交互作用。特别重要的是，在所有群体中都发现了一个具有统计学意义的小但稳健的关联，但在白人南方人和南方黑人参与者中尤为强烈，而在黑人参与者中尤为微弱。
结论
本研究为越来越多的研究提供了依据，表明较高的 cSES 对认知的保护作用在交叉社会地位的亚组中并非普遍存在，这与 MDR 理论一致。这些发现为考虑系统性种族主义在地理背景下的作用作为促进生命历程认知老化和大脑健康公平倡议的一部分提供了证据。
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