Department of Chemical Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
Armament Engineering Department, Air Force Institute of Technology, Kaduna, Nigeria.
J Biomater Appl. 2024 May;38(10):1036-1057. doi: 10.1177/08853282241243010. Epub 2024 Mar 29.
Chitosan has gained considerable recognition within the field of medical applications due to its exceptional biocompatibility and diverse range of properties. Nevertheless, prior reviews have primarily focused on its applications, offering limited insights into its source materials. Hence, there arises a compelling need for a comprehensive review that encompasses the entire chitin and chitosan life cycle: from the source of chitin and chitosan, extraction methods, and specific medical applications, to the various techniques employed in evaluating chitosan's properties. This all-encompassing review delves into the critical aspects of chitin and chitosan extraction, with a strong emphasis on the utilization of natural raw materials. It elucidates the various sources of these raw materials, highlighting their abundance and accessibility. Furthermore, a meticulous examination of extraction methods reveals the prevalent use of hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the demineralization process, alongside citric, formic, and phosphoric acids. Based on current review information, these acids constitute a substantial 69.2% of utilization, surpassing other mentioned acids. Of notable importance, the review underscores the essential parameters for medical-grade chitosan. It advocates for a degree of deacetylation (DDA) falling within the range of 85%-95%, minimal protein content <1%, ash content <2%, and moisture content <10%. In conclusion, these crucial factors contribute to the understanding of Chitosan's production for medical applications, paving the way for advancements in biomedical research and development.
壳聚糖由于其优异的生物相容性和多样化的性质，在医学应用领域得到了广泛的认可。然而，以前的综述主要集中在其应用上，对其来源材料的了解有限。因此，迫切需要进行一次全面的综述，涵盖整个甲壳素和壳聚糖的生命周期：从甲壳素和壳聚糖的来源、提取方法和特定的医学应用，到评估壳聚糖性质所采用的各种技术。本综述深入探讨了甲壳素和壳聚糖提取的关键方面，强调了天然原料的利用。它阐明了这些原材料的各种来源，强调了它们的丰富性和可及性。此外，对提取方法的细致检查揭示了在脱矿质过程中盐酸（HCl）的普遍使用，以及柠檬酸、甲酸和磷酸的使用。根据目前的综述信息，这些酸的利用率达到了 69.2%，超过了其他提到的酸。值得注意的是，该综述强调了医用级壳聚糖的重要参数。它主张脱乙酰度（DDA）在 85%-95%之间，蛋白质含量<1%，灰分<2%，水分<10%。总之，这些关键因素有助于理解壳聚糖在医学应用中的生产，为生物医学研究和开发的进展铺平了道路。
