Cordeiro Suellen Gerônimo, Pereira Ana Cláudia H, Endringer Denise Coutinho, Moreira Luana Santos, Carneiro Maria Tereza W D, de Souza Jefferson Rodrigues, Brandão Geisamanda Pedrini
Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, 29075-910, Brazil.
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vila Velha, Vila Velha, ES, 29102-920, Brazil.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 2025 Jan;203(1):411-421. doi: 10.1007/s12011-024-04160-1. Epub 2024 Apr 3.
In this work, bioaccessibility tests for rare earth elements (REEs), Th, and U in marine sediment were carried out, in addition to complementary tests for cytotoxicity and bioaccumulation for the elements La, Ce, Eu, and Gd. The evaluation of human health risk through dermal absorption and oral ingestion was performed using the hazard quotient (HQ). According to the gastric digestion simulation (SBET), it was observed that the elements Ce and Nd exhibited higher absorption capacities in the human body (> 2 µg g). La and Sc presented intermediate concentrations (close to 1 µg g), while the remaining elements displayed concentrations below 0.5 µg g. In the gastrointestinal digestion extraction stage (PBET), all the elements maintained a similar absorption capacity to that observed in SBET, except for the absorption of Y which increased. The results of the bioaccumulation test conducted with fibroblast cells (L929) indicated that La and Eu had a 25% probability of intracellular accumulation. The cell viability test, with exposure to a standard REEs, Th, and U solution in 2% v v HNO medium (until 100 μg mL) and an aqueous solution of LaO, Gd(NO), Ce(NO), and EuO (until 1000 μg mL), did not demonstrate cytotoxic effects on fibroblast cells. Considering the ingestion hazard quotient (HQ) and dermal hazard quotient (HQ) obtained, it was suggested that there is no significant risk of non-carcinogenic effects (< 1). However, they had higher HQ values compared to HQ, indicating that REEs pose more significant risk to human health through oral ingestion absorption than dermal absorption.
在这项工作中，除了对镧、铈、铕和钆元素进行细胞毒性和生物累积的补充测试外，还对海洋沉积物中的稀土元素（REEs）、钍和铀进行了生物可及性测试。通过危害商数（HQ）对经皮肤吸收和经口摄入途径的人体健康风险进行了评估。根据胃消化模拟（SBET），观察到铈和钕元素在人体中表现出较高的吸收能力（>2μg/g）。镧和钪呈现中等浓度（接近1μg/g），而其余元素的浓度低于0.5μg/g。在胃肠消化提取阶段（PBET），除钇的吸收增加外，所有元素的吸收能力与SBET中观察到的相似。用成纤维细胞（L929）进行的生物累积测试结果表明，镧和铕有25%的细胞内累积概率。在2%v/v HNO介质（直至100μg/mL）中的标准REEs、钍和铀溶液以及氧化镧、硝酸钆、硝酸铈和氧化铕的水溶液（直至1000μg/mL）中暴露的细胞活力测试，未显示对成纤维细胞有细胞毒性作用。考虑到获得的经口摄入危害商数（HQ）和经皮危害商数（HQ），表明不存在显著的非致癌效应风险（<1）。然而，与HQ相比，它们的HQ值更高，表明REEs通过经口摄入吸收对人体健康造成的风险比经皮肤吸收更大。
