Medical views of depression in the elderly: historical notes.

Ancient Greek and Roman physicians recognized the high prevalence of depressive illness in old age and began to differentiate the major mental syndromes of the elderly. Greek humoral theory connected black bile, melancholia and old age, and this formulation dominated medical thinking until the seventeenth century. Beginning with the Enlightenment and continuing throughout most of the nineteenth century, physicians spurned the idea that old age and depression were linked, or tended to view depression as evidence of brain decay. Although twentieth century studies have confirmed that depression in the elderly is a common illness, usually self-limiting and rarely coexisting with dementia, these views have been incompletely incorporated into modern medical practice.