Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
Environ Monit Assess. 2024 Apr 13;196(5):450. doi: 10.1007/s10661-024-12581-7.
Unscientific dumping of municipal solid waste (MSW) is a common practice in Kashmir. To have an environmentally friendly and sustainable waste management system, MSW was collected from nine study locations of this region. They were air-dried, then oven-dried at 105 °C for 24 h, segregated, and characterized for various components. The overall average organic waste was > 55%, plastic waste about 17%, inert material about 10%, paper 9%, and cloth waste 7%. The calorific value of paper and plastic wastes exhibited was 4910 kcal/kg, while organic waste had a calorific value of 1980 kcal/kg. The proximate analysis showed that the moisture content ranged from 16 to 29%, volatile matter ranged from 49 to 72%, ash content ranged from 0.03 to 5%, and fixed carbon ranged from 5 to 20%. In S, the volatile matter content recorded the lowest value at 49.15%, while in S, the volatile matter content was notably higher at 71.84%, indicating easier ignition. Further, elemental analysis revealed that the major elements in MSW were carbon and oxygen, 53% and 37%, respectively, with small traces of heavy metals with an average of 0.02% cadmium (Cd) and 0.006% lead (Pb). Moreover, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) micrographs provided confirmation that the majority of components in the MSW exhibited either partial or complete degradation, resulting in a rough surface texture. In addition, the presence of silica and other silicate groups was also detected. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis revealed that the main functional groups were alcohol. In the X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, all the major mineral phases were detected between 20 and 30° 2θ, except for the peaks at 50-60° 2θ in S and S where catalysts such as zeolite Y and zeolite X were detected. Overall, the MSW had low moisture content but higher calorific value, making it a viable feedstock.
克什米尔地区普遍存在不科学的城市固体废物（MSW）倾倒行为。为了建立一个环境友好且可持续的废物管理系统，我们从该地区的九个研究地点收集了 MSW。这些废物先进行风干，然后在 105°C 下烘 24 小时，进行干燥、分离，并对各种成分进行了特性描述。总体而言，有机废物的平均含量超过 55%，塑料废物约为 17%，惰性物质约为 10%，纸张为 9%，布类废物为 7%。检测表明，纸张和塑料废物的热值分别为 4910 千卡/千克，而有机废物的热值为 1980 千卡/千克。近似分析显示，水分含量在 16%至 29%之间，挥发性物质在 49%至 72%之间，灰分含量在 0.03%至 5%之间，固定碳在 5%至 20%之间。在 S 中，挥发性物质的含量记录到最低值为 49.15%，而在 S 中，挥发性物质的含量明显更高，为 71.84%，这表明更容易点燃。此外，元素分析表明，MSW 中的主要元素是碳和氧，分别占 53%和 37%，还有少量重金属，平均含量为 0.02%的镉（Cd）和 0.006%的铅（Pb）。此外，场发射扫描电子显微镜（FESEM）的微观照片证实，MSW 中的大多数成分要么部分要么完全降解，导致表面粗糙。此外，还检测到了硅和其他硅酸盐基团的存在。傅里叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR）分析表明，主要的官能团是醇。在 X 射线衍射（XRD）分析中，所有主要的矿物相都在 20 到 30°2θ 之间被检测到，除了在 S 和 S 中 50-60°2θ 的峰，在那里检测到了沸石 Y 和沸石 X 等催化剂。总体而言，MSW 的水分含量低，但热值高，是一种可行的原料。
