Jiménez Tamara, Domínguez-Castillo Alejandro, Fernández de Larrea-Baz Nerea, Lucas Pilar, Sierra María Ángeles, Salas-Trejo Dolores, Llobet Rafael, Martínez Inmaculada, Pino Marina Nieves, Martínez-Cortés Mercedes, Pérez-Gómez Beatriz, Pollán Marina, Lope Virginia, García-Pérez Javier
Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain; HM CINAC (Centro Integral de Neurociencias AC), Hospital Universitario Puerta del Sur, Fundación HM Hospitales, Móstoles, Spain.
Cancer and Environmental Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases, National Center for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health (Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain.
Sci Total Environ. 2024 Jun 10;928:172463. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172463. Epub 2024 Apr 12.
Mammographic density (MD) is the most important breast cancer biomarker. Ambient pollution is a carcinogen, and its relationship with MD is unclear. This study aims to explore the association between exposure to traffic pollution and MD in premenopausal women.
This Spanish cross-sectional study involved 769 women attending gynecological examinations in Madrid. Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT), extracted from 1944 measurement road points provided by the City Council of Madrid, was weighted by distances (d) between road points and women's addresses to develop a Weighted Traffic Exposure Index (WTEI). Three methods were employed: method-1 (1dAADT), method-2 (1dAADT), and method-3 (eAADT). Multiple linear regression models, considering both log-transformed percentage of MD and untransformed MD, were used to estimate MD differences by WTEI quartiles, through two strategies: "exposed (exposure buffers between 50 and 200 m) vs. not exposed (>200 m)"; and "degree of traffic exposure".
Results showed no association between MD and traffic pollution according to buffers of exposure to the WTEI (first strategy) for the three methods. The highest reductions in MD, although not statistically significant, were detected in the quartile with the highest traffic exposure. For instance, method-3 revealed a suggestive inverse trend (e = 1.23, e = 0.96, e = 0.85, e = 0.85, p-trend = 0.099) in the case of 75 m buffer. Similar non-statistically significant trends were observed with Methods-1 and -2. When we examined the effect of traffic exposure considering all the 1944 measurement road points in every participant (second strategy), results showed no association for any of the three methods. A slightly decreased MD, although not significant, was observed only in the quartile with the highest traffic exposure: e = 0.98 (method-1), and e = 0.95 (methods-2 and -3).
Our results showed no association between exposure to traffic pollution and MD in premenopausal women. Further research is needed to validate these findings.
乳腺X线密度（MD）是最重要的乳腺癌生物标志物。环境污染是一种致癌物，其与MD的关系尚不清楚。本研究旨在探讨绝经前女性暴露于交通污染与MD之间的关联。
这项西班牙横断面研究纳入了769名在马德里参加妇科检查的女性。从马德里市议会提供的1944个测量道路点提取的年平均日交通量（AADT），根据道路点与女性住址之间的距离（d）进行加权，以建立加权交通暴露指数（WTEI）。采用了三种方法：方法1（1dAADT）、方法2（1dAADT）和方法3（eAADT）。使用考虑了MD的对数转换百分比和未转换MD的多元线性回归模型，通过两种策略估计WTEI四分位数对应的MD差异：“暴露（暴露缓冲距离在50至200米之间）与未暴露（>200米）”；以及 “交通暴露程度”。
对于三种方法，根据WTEI暴露缓冲距离（第一种策略），结果显示MD与交通污染之间无关联。在交通暴露最高的四分位数中，检测到MD的降低幅度最大，尽管无统计学意义。例如，在75米缓冲距离的情况下，方法3显示出一种提示性的反向趋势（e = 1.23，e = 0.96，e = 0.85，e = 0.85，p趋势 = 0.099）。方法1和方法2也观察到类似的无统计学意义的趋势。当我们考虑每个参与者所有1944个测量道路点来检查交通暴露的影响时（第二种策略），结果显示三种方法中的任何一种均无关联。仅在交通暴露最高的四分位数中观察到MD略有下降，尽管不显著：e = 0.98（方法1），e = 0.95（方法2和方法3）。
我们的结果显示绝经前女性暴露于交通污染与MD之间无关联。需要进一步研究来验证这些发现。
