Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain.
Cancer and Environmental Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases, National Center for Epidemiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Carlos III Institute of Health), Madrid, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública - CIBERESP), Spain.
Sci Total Environ. 2022 Jul 10;829:154578. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154578. Epub 2022 Mar 15.
Mammographic density (MD), expressed as percentage of fibroglandular breast tissue, is an important risk factor for breast cancer. Our objective is to investigate the relationship between MD and residential proximity to pollutant industries in premenopausal Spanish women.
A cross-sectional study was carried out in a sample of 1225 women extracted from the DDM-Madrid study. Multiple linear regression models were used to assess the association of MD percentage (and their 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs)) and proximity (between 1 km and 3 km) to industries included in the European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register.
Although no association was found between MD and distance to all industries as a whole, several industrial sectors showed significant association for some distances: "surface treatment of metals and plastic" (β = 4.98, 95%CI = (0.85; 9.12) at ≤1.5 km, and β = 3.00, 95%CI = (0.26; 5.73) at ≤2.5 km), "organic chemical industry" (β = 6.73, 95%CI = (0.50; 12.97) at ≤1.5 km), "pharmaceutical products" (β = 4.14, 95%CI = (0.58; 7.70) at ≤2 km; β = 3.55, 95%CI = (0.49; 6.60) at ≤2.5 km; and β = 3.11, 95%CI = (0.20; 6.01) at ≤3 km), and "urban waste-water treatment plants" (β = 8.06, 95%CI = (0.82; 15.30) at ≤1 km; β = 5.28; 95%CI = (0.49; 10.06) at ≤1.5 km; β = 4.30, 95%CI = (0.03; 8.57) at ≤2 km; β = 5.26, 95%CI = (1.83; 8.68) at ≤2.5 km; and β = 3.19, 95%CI = (0.46; 5.92) at ≤3 km). Moreover, significant increased MD was observed in women close to industries releasing specific pollutants: ammonia (β = 4.55, 95%CI = (0.26; 8.83) at ≤1.5 km; and β = 3.81, 95%CI = (0.49; 7.14) at ≤2 km), dichloromethane (β = 3.86, 95%CI = (0.00; 7.71) at ≤2 km), ethylbenzene (β = 8.96, 95%CI = (0.57; 17.35) at ≤3 km), and phenols (β = 2.60, 95%CI = (0.21; 5.00) at ≤2.5 km).
Our results suggest no statistically significant relationship between MD and proximity to industries as a whole, although we detected associations with various industrial sectors and some specific pollutants, which suggests that MD could have a mediating role in breast carcinogenesis.
乳腺密度（MD）以纤维腺体组织的百分比表示，是乳腺癌的一个重要危险因素。我们的目的是研究 MD 与绝经前西班牙女性居住在污染工业附近之间的关系。
在 DDM-Madrid 研究中抽取的 1225 名女性样本中进行了一项横断面研究。使用多元线性回归模型评估 MD 百分比（及其 95%置信区间（95%CI））与工业接近程度（在 1 公里至 3 公里之间）之间的关联，工业包括在欧洲污染物排放和转移登记册中。
尽管 MD 与整个工业的距离之间没有发现关联，但一些工业部门在某些距离上显示出显著的关联：“金属和塑料的表面处理”（β=4.98，95%CI=（0.85；9.12）在≤1.5 公里，β=3.00，95%CI=（0.26；5.73）在≤2.5 公里），“有机化学工业”（β=6.73，95%CI=（0.50；12.97）在≤1.5 公里），“制药产品”（β=4.14，95%CI=（0.58；7.70）在≤2 公里；β=3.55，95%CI=（0.49；6.60）在≤2.5 公里；β=3.11，95%CI=（0.20；6.01）在≤3 公里），和“城市废水处理厂”（β=8.06，95%CI=（0.82；15.30）在≤1 公里；β=5.28；95%CI=（0.49；10.06）在≤1.5 公里；β=4.30，95%CI=（0.03；8.57）在≤2 公里；β=5.26，95%CI=（1.83；8.68）在≤2.5 公里；β=3.19，95%CI=（0.46；5.92）在≤3 公里）。此外，在接近排放特定污染物的工业的女性中观察到 MD 显著增加：氨（β=4.55，95%CI=（0.26；8.83）在≤1.5 公里；β=3.81，95%CI=（0.49；7.14）在≤2 公里），二氯甲烷（β=3.86，95%CI=（0.00；7.71）在≤2 公里），乙苯（β=8.96，95%CI=（0.57；17.35）在≤3 公里）和苯酚（β=2.60，95%CI=（0.21；5.00）在≤2.5 公里）。
我们的结果表明，MD 与工业接近程度之间没有统计学上显著的关系，但我们检测到与各种工业部门和一些特定污染物的关联，这表明 MD 可能在乳腺癌发生中具有中介作用。
