Chaya Gonzalo N Morales, Hamid Aisha, Wani Adil R, Gutierrez Andrew, Syed Mubarak Hussain
Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA.
Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
Cold Spring Harb Protoc. 2025 Apr 1;2025(4):pdb.top108429. doi: 10.1101/pdb.top108429.
Complex behaviors are mediated by a diverse class of neurons and glia produced during development. Both neural stem cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic temporal cues regulate the appropriate number, molecular identity, and circuit assembly of neurons. The central complex (CX) is a higher-order brain structure regulating various behaviors, including sensory-motor integration, celestial navigation, and sleep. Most neurons and glia in the adult CX are formed during larval development by 16 Type II neural stem cells (NSCs). Unlike Type I NSCs, which directly give rise to the ganglion mother cells (GMCs), Type II NSCs give rise to multiple intermediate neural progenitors (INPs), and each INP in turn generates multiple GMCs, hence fostering the generation of longer and more diverse lineages. This makes Type II NSCs a suitable model to unravel the molecular mechanisms regulating neural diversity in more complex lineages. In this review, we elaborate on the classification and identification of NSCs based on the types of division adopted and the molecular markers expressed in each type. In the end, we discuss genetic methods for lineage analysis and birthdating. We also explain the temporal expression of stem cell factors and genetic techniques to study how stem cell factors may regulate neural fate specification.
复杂行为由发育过程中产生的多种神经元和神经胶质细胞介导。神经干细胞内在和外在的时间线索都调节着神经元的适当数量、分子特性和神经回路组装。中央复合体（CX）是一种高级脑结构，调节各种行为，包括感觉运动整合、天体导航和睡眠。成年CX中的大多数神经元和神经胶质细胞在幼虫发育期间由16个II型神经干细胞（NSC）形成。与直接产生神经节母细胞（GMC）的I型NSC不同，II型NSC产生多个中间神经祖细胞（INP），并且每个INP依次产生多个GMC，从而促进更长和更多样化谱系的产生。这使得II型NSC成为揭示调节更复杂谱系中神经多样性分子机制的合适模型。在这篇综述中，我们阐述了基于所采用的分裂类型和每种类型中表达的分子标记对NSC进行的分类和鉴定。最后，我们讨论了谱系分析和出生时间测定的遗传方法。我们还解释了干细胞因子的时间表达以及研究干细胞因子如何调节神经命运特化的遗传技术。
