Z-scheme heterojunction g-CN-TiO reinforced chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol) film: Efficient and recyclable for fruit packaging.

Nanoparticles-loaded bio-based polymers have emerged as a sustainable substitute to traditional oil-based packaging materials, addressing the challenges of limited recyclability and significant environmental impact. However, the functionality and efficiency of nanoparticles have a significant impact on the application of bio-based composite films. Herein, graphitic carbon nitride (g-CN) and titanium dioxide (TiO) coupled photocatalyst (g-CN-TiO) was prepared by one-step calcination and introduced into chitosan (CS) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solution to fabricate g-CN-TiO/CS/PVA green renewable composite film via solution casting method. The results demonstrated the successful preparation of a Z-scheme heterojunction g-CN-TiO with exceptional photocatalytic activity. Furthermore, the incorporation of heterojunction enhanced mechanical properties, water barrier, and ultraviolet (UV) resistance properties of the fresh-keeping film. The g-CN-TiO/CS/PVA composite film exhibited superior photocatalytic antibacterial preservation efficacy on strawberries under LED light, with a prolonged preservation time of up to 120 h, when compared to other films such as polyethylene (PE), CS/PVA, g-CN/CS/PVA, and TiO/CS/PVA. In addition, the composite film has good recyclability and renewability. This work is expected to have great potential for low-cost fruit preservation and sustainable packaging, which also contributes to environmental protection.