Center for Indonesia's Strategic Development Initiatives (CISDI), Central Jakarta city, Jakarta, Indonesia.
Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Indonesia, Depok city, West Java, Indonesia.
Nicotine Tob Res. 2024 Sep 23;26(10):1331-1338. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntae088.
Smoking households in Indonesia diverted a significant share of their budget to tobacco. Tobacco expenditure is deemed unproductive, as it crowds out resources from essential commodities and increases health care expenditure driven by tobacco-induced diseases. Therefore, despite having adequate resources, some smoking families in Indonesia may spend less on basic needs, which inadvertently puts their standard of living below the poverty line.
Employing data from 2021 (March) Indonesia's Socioeconomic Survey (SUSENAS), this research aims to quantify the impoverishing effect of tobacco consumption in Indonesia, considering spending on tobacco and tobacco-attributable health care costs as unproductive expenditure. The de facto headcount poverty rate and poverty gap index are calculated by removing tobacco expenditures and tobacco-attributable health care expenditures from the household's total spending.
Accounting for unproductive spending related to tobacco use, Indonesia's headcount poverty ratio in March 2021 would rise by 3.22 percentage points, equivalent to an additional 8.75 million people living below the poverty line. In addition, the poverty gap index would increase by 0.77 percentage points. The impoverishment effect of tobacco is larger among rural populations than their urban counterparts. Moreover, the impoverishment is mainly driven by direct tobacco spending rather than tobacco-attributable health care expenditure.
Significant portions of Indonesia's population are exposed to secondary poverty because of tobacco use. A high level of cigarette spending among smoking households is the major source of the impoverishing effect of tobacco use.
The study provides quantitative evidence of the true cost of smoking in Indonesia, where the de facto number of the poor population after accounting for tobacco-related spending is higher than what is published in the official statistics. The findings of this study support tobacco control policies in Indonesia, particularly to effectively reduce tobacco use and mitigate the impoverishing impact of tobacco use on low-income households.
印度尼西亚的吸烟家庭将其预算的很大一部分用于购买烟草。烟草支出被认为是没有生产力的，因为它会排挤基本商品的资源，并增加因烟草引起的疾病而导致的医疗保健支出。因此，尽管资源充足，但印度尼西亚的一些吸烟家庭可能在基本需求上的支出较少，这无意中使他们的生活水平低于贫困线。
本研究利用 2021 年（3 月）印度尼西亚社会经济调查（SUSENAS）的数据，旨在量化烟草消费在印度尼西亚造成的贫困效应，将烟草支出和与烟草相关的医疗保健费用视为非生产性支出。通过从家庭总支出中减去烟草支出和与烟草相关的医疗保健支出，计算出实际贫困发生率和贫困差距指数。
考虑到与烟草使用相关的非生产性支出，2021 年 3 月印度尼西亚的贫困人口比例将增加 3.22 个百分点，相当于新增 875 万人生活在贫困线以下。此外，贫困差距指数将增加 0.77 个百分点。农村人口比城市人口更容易受到烟草的贫困影响。此外，贫困的主要原因是直接的烟草支出，而不是与烟草相关的医疗保健支出。
印度尼西亚相当一部分人口因烟草使用而面临二级贫困。吸烟家庭的高香烟支出是烟草使用贫困效应的主要来源。
本研究提供了印度尼西亚吸烟真实成本的定量证据，在考虑与烟草相关的支出后，实际贫困人口数量高于官方统计数据公布的数量。本研究的结果支持印度尼西亚的烟草控制政策，特别是有效减少烟草使用和减轻烟草使用对低收入家庭的贫困影响。
