Centro de Investigación Económica y Presupuestaria, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
Centro de Investigación Económica y Presupuestaria, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico.
Tob Control. 2024 Jun 4;33(Suppl 2):s68-s74. doi: 10.1136/tc-2022-057791.
Tobacco is one of the world's largest preventable causes of premature death, accounting for more than 8 million deaths and costing the global economy US$1.4 trillion each year. Smoking is a global problem with 1.3 billion people using tobacco worldwide, who will face harmful effects on health and on people's current and future financial situations and quality of life.This article aims to be the first study to generate evidence on the effects of smoking on household expenditure and the number of people living under the poverty threshold by studying the crowding out and impoverishing effect in Mexico.
Through econometric methods and maximising a household utility function we estimate the crowding out and impoverishing effect of tobacco consumption in México based on household's income and spending survey from 2020.
Spending on tobacco crowds out household spending on other goods and services. In Mexico, spending on tobacco results in decreased spending on essential goods and services, like education and healthcare, and increased spending on harmful goods such as alcoholic beverages. These effects are common across all income levels but are more pronounced in low-income households. When spending on tobacco increases, for example, following regular price increases made by the tobacco industry, the crowding out effect is exacerbated.In addition, smoking has an impoverishing effect on the population. This is because some families find that their remaining income level falls below the poverty line after deducting money spent on tobacco (a concept known as secondary poverty). In Mexico, 909 132 people are left with a disposable income level below the extreme poverty line because of expenditure on tobacco and smoking-related diseases.
Smoking affects individual health and the finances of households in Mexico, particularly those of low-income people. By increasing tobacco taxes, those who quit smoking increase their quality of life and well-being. However, those who continue to smoke and increase their tobacco spending are affected by a shift in their spending on other goods and services.The increase in tobacco taxes must be accompanied by public policies that help reduce tobacco consumption and compensate the crowding out on goods and services relevant to the development of households.
烟草是全球可预防的导致过早死亡的最大原因之一，每年造成超过 800 万人死亡，耗费全球经济 1.4 万亿美元。吸烟是一个全球性问题，全球有 13 亿人使用烟草，他们将面临健康危害以及当前和未来经济状况和生活质量的下降。本文旨在通过研究墨西哥的挤出和致贫效应，成为第一项研究吸烟对家庭支出和贫困人口数量影响的证据。
通过计量经济学方法和最大化家庭效用函数，我们根据 2020 年家庭收入和支出调查，估计了墨西哥烟草消费的挤出和致贫效应。
烟草消费挤出了家庭对其他商品和服务的支出。在墨西哥，烟草支出导致教育和医疗保健等基本商品和服务支出减少，而酒精等有害商品支出增加。这些影响在所有收入水平都很常见，但在低收入家庭中更为明显。例如，随着烟草行业的定期涨价，烟草支出增加，挤出效应加剧。此外，吸烟对人口有致贫效应。这是因为一些家庭发现，扣除烟草支出（称为二级贫困）后，其剩余收入水平低于贫困线。在墨西哥，由于烟草支出和与吸烟相关的疾病，有 909132 人可支配收入水平低于极端贫困线。
吸烟影响墨西哥个人健康和家庭经济，特别是低收入人群。通过提高烟草税，戒烟者提高了生活质量和幸福感。然而，那些继续吸烟和增加烟草支出的人会受到支出转移到其他商品和服务的影响。增加烟草税必须辅以帮助减少烟草消费和补偿家庭发展相关商品挤出的公共政策。
