Megasari Ni Luh Ayu, Khairunisa Siti Qamariyah, Arizandy Radita Yuniar, Wijaksana I Komang Evan, Wungu Citrawati Dyah Kencono
Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia.
Postgraduate School, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia.
PeerJ. 2024 Apr 18;12:e17257. doi: 10.7717/peerj.17257. eCollection 2024.
Accumulating evidence suggests the involvement of cytokine-mediated inflammation, in clinical severity and death related to SARS-CoV-2 infection, especially among pre-vaccinated individuals. An increased risk of death was also described among SARS-CoV-2 recovered individuals, which might be correlated with prolonged inflammatory responses. Despite being among the countries with the highest cumulative deaths due to COVID-19, evidence regarding cytokine profiles among SARS-CoV-2 infected and recovered pre-vaccinated individuals in Indonesia is scarce. Thus, this study aimed to describe the cytokines profiles of pre-vaccinated individuals residing in Indonesia, with mild-to-moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection and those who recovered.
Sixty-one sera from 24 hospitalized patients with mild-to-moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection, 24 individuals recovered from asymptomatic-to-moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection, and 13 healthy controls unexposed to SARS-CoV-2 were used in this study. Quantification of serum cytokine levels, including IL-6, IL-8, IP-10, TNF-, CCL-2, CCL-3, CCL-4, and CXCL-13, was performed using a Luminex multi-analyte-profiling (xMAP)-based assay.
The levels of IL-8 along with CCL-2 and CCL-4, were significantly higher ( ≤ 0.01) in hospitalized patients with mild-to-moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection and recovered individuals compared to healthy controls. However, no significant difference was observed in these cytokine levels between infected and recovered individuals. On the other hand, there were no significant differences in several other cytokine levels, including IL-6, IL-10, TNF-, CCL-3, and CXCL-13, among all groups.
IL-8, CCL-2, and CCL-4 were significantly elevated in pre-vaccinated Indonesian individuals with mild-to-moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection and those who recovered. The cytokine profiles described in this study might indicate inflammatory responses not only among SARS-CoV-2 infected, but also recovered individuals.
越来越多的证据表明，细胞因子介导的炎症与严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（SARS-CoV-2）感染相关的临床严重程度和死亡有关，尤其是在未接种疫苗的个体中。在SARS-CoV-2康复者中也有死亡风险增加的描述，这可能与炎症反应延长有关。尽管印度尼西亚是因2019冠状病毒病（COVID-19）累计死亡人数最多的国家之一，但关于印度尼西亚未接种疫苗的SARS-CoV-2感染和康复个体的细胞因子谱的证据却很少。因此，本研究旨在描述印度尼西亚未接种疫苗的、患有轻至中度SARS-CoV-2感染的个体以及康复个体的细胞因子谱。
本研究使用了61份血清，这些血清来自24例轻至中度SARS-CoV-2感染的住院患者、24例从无症状至中度SARS-CoV-2感染中康复的个体以及13名未接触过SARS-CoV-2的健康对照者。使用基于Luminex多分析物谱分析（xMAP）的检测方法对血清细胞因子水平进行定量，包括白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、白细胞介素-8（IL-8）、干扰素γ诱导蛋白10（IP-10）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、趋化因子配体2（CCL-2）、趋化因子配体3（CCL-3）、趋化因子配体4（CCL-4）和趋化因子配体13（CXCL-13）。
与健康对照者相比，轻至中度SARS-CoV-2感染的住院患者和康复个体中，IL-8以及CCL-2和CCL-4的水平显著更高（P≤0.01）。然而，在感染个体和康复个体之间，这些细胞因子水平没有观察到显著差异。另一方面，在所有组中，包括IL-6、IL-10、TNF-α、CCL-3和CXCL-13在内的其他几种细胞因子水平没有显著差异。
在印度尼西亚未接种疫苗的、患有轻至中度SARS-CoV-感染的个体以及康复个体中，IL-8、CCL-2和CCL-4显著升高。本研究中描述的细胞因子谱可能不仅表明SARS-CoV-2感染个体，也表明康复个体存在炎症反应。
