Dimopoulos Nicolas, Guo Qi, Purdy Sarah Jane, Nolan Matthew, Halimi Razlin Azman, Mieog Jos Cornelis, Barkla Bronwyn J, Kretzschmar Tobias
Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia.
Tamworth Agricultural Institute, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Tamworth, NSW, Australia.
J Exp Bot. 2025 Jan 1;76(1):134-151. doi: 10.1093/jxb/erae148.
Cannabis sativa L. glandular trichomes synthesize large amounts of secondary metabolites, predominantly cannabinoids and terpenoids. The associated demand for carbon and energy makes glandular trichomes strong sink tissues with indications that their secondary metabolism is coupled to the availability of photoassimilates. Many metabolites show diurnal patterns of flux, but it is unknown whether cannabinoids and terpenoids are regulated by time of day. We quantified cannabinoids, terpenoids, and the glandular trichome proteome over a 12 h light period in flowers of 'Hindu Kush', a high-tetrahydrocannabinol cultivar. Major cannabinoids changed significantly over the course of the day, resulting in an increase in total measured cannabinoids. Major terpenoids also changed, with sesquiterpenes generally decreasing with day progression. While monoterpenes generally did not decrease, the second most abundant, α-pinene, increased. The glandular trichome proteome changed the most within the first 6 h of the day, and analysis of differentially abundant proteins indicated up-regulation of primary metabolism. Surprisingly, key cannabinoid biosynthetic enzymes decreased with daytime progression despite increases in cannabinoid content, which indicates that daytime increases of photoassimilates are the main driver of cannabinoid regulation. This first reporting of variability of cannabinoid and terpenoid biosynthesis over the course of the day has implications for Cannabis research and production.
大麻（Cannabis sativa L.）的腺毛能合成大量次生代谢产物，主要是大麻素和萜类化合物。对碳和能量的相关需求使腺毛成为强大的库组织，这表明它们的次生代谢与光合同化物的可用性相关联。许多代谢产物呈现出日通量模式，但大麻素和萜类化合物是否受一天中不同时间的调节尚不清楚。我们在高四氢大麻酚品种‘印度大麻’的花朵中，在12小时光照期间对大麻素、萜类化合物和腺毛蛋白质组进行了定量分析。主要大麻素在一天中显著变化，导致测得的大麻素总量增加。主要萜类化合物也发生了变化，倍半萜通常随着白天的推进而减少。虽然单萜类化合物通常没有减少，但第二丰富的α-蒎烯增加了。腺毛蛋白质组在一天的前6小时内变化最大，对差异丰富蛋白质的分析表明初级代谢上调。令人惊讶的是，尽管大麻素含量增加，但关键的大麻素生物合成酶却随着白天的推进而减少，这表明白天光合同化物的增加是大麻素调节的主要驱动因素。这首次报道了一天中大麻素和萜类化合物生物合成的变异性，对大麻研究和生产具有重要意义。
