Toxicology Research Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, Paschim Bardhaman, West Bengal, India.
Toxicology Research Unit, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Purba Bardhaman, West Bengal, India.
Sci Total Environ. 2024 Jul 1;932:172783. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172783. Epub 2024 Apr 26.
Neonicotinoids are among the most widely used systemic pesticides across the world. These chemicals have gathered significant attention for their potential adverse impacts on non-target organisms. Clothianidin is a novel neonicotinoid pesticide, employed globally to control sucking and chewing types of pests. In nature, various non-target organisms can be exposed to this chemical through contaminated food, water, and air. Nonetheless, extensive investigations demonstrating the sub-lethal impacts of clothianidin on non-target entities are limited. Hence, the present study was aimed to unravel the chronic sub-lethal impacts (LC 0.74 μg/mL) of clothianidin on a non-target organism, Drosophila melanogaster. The study parameters involved multiple tiers of life ranging from organismal level to the sub-cellular level. 1 instar larvae were exposed to the six sub-lethal concentrations viz. 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, and 0.1 μg/mL of clothianidin till their 3 larval instar. Investigations involving organismal level have revealed clothianidin-induced significant reduction in the developmental duration, life span, phototaxis, and physical activities of the treated individuals. Interestingly, the tested compound has also altered the compound eye morphology of treated flies. Study was extended to the tissue and cellular levels where reduced cell viability in gut, brain, and fat body was apparent. Additionally, increased ROS production, nuclear disorganization, and higher lipid deposition were evident in gut of exposed individuals. Study was further extended to the sub-cellular level where chronic exposure to clothianidin up-regulated the major oxidative stress markers such as lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, HSP-70, SOD, catalase, GSH, and thioredoxin reductase. Furthermore, the activities of detoxifying enzymes such as CYP4501A1 and GST were also altered. Chronic exposure to clothianidin also triggered DNA fragmentation in treated larvae. In essence, results of this multi-level study depict the ROS-mediated toxicity of clothianidin on a non-target organism, D. melanogaster.
新烟碱类是世界范围内使用最广泛的系统性杀虫剂之一。这些化学物质因其对非靶标生物的潜在不利影响而受到广泛关注。噻虫嗪是一种新型新烟碱类农药，全球范围内用于防治刺吸式和咀嚼式害虫。在自然界中，各种非靶标生物可能通过受污染的食物、水和空气接触到这种化学物质。然而，目前对噻虫嗪对非靶标生物的亚致死影响的广泛研究是有限的。因此，本研究旨在揭示非靶标生物黑腹果蝇（Drosophila melanogaster）对噻虫嗪慢性亚致死影响（LC 0.74μg/mL）。研究参数涉及从个体水平到亚细胞水平的多个生命层次。1 龄幼虫暴露于 6 种亚致死浓度，即 0.05、0.06、0.07、0.08、0.09 和 0.1μg/mL 的噻虫嗪，直到它们的 3 龄幼虫。涉及个体水平的研究表明，噻虫嗪诱导的处理个体的发育持续时间、寿命、趋光性和身体活动显著减少。有趣的是，测试化合物还改变了处理果蝇的复眼形态。研究扩展到组织和细胞水平，在肠道、大脑和脂肪体中细胞活力明显降低。此外，在暴露个体的肠道中观察到 ROS 产生增加、核组织紊乱和脂质沉积增加。研究进一步扩展到亚细胞水平，在慢性暴露于噻虫嗪后，主要的氧化应激标志物如脂质过氧化、蛋白质羰基化、HSP-70、SOD、过氧化氢酶、GSH 和硫氧还蛋白还原酶的表达上调。此外，解毒酶如 CYP4501A1 和 GST 的活性也发生改变。慢性暴露于噻虫嗪还导致处理幼虫的 DNA 片段化。从本质上讲，这项多层次研究的结果描绘了 ROS 介导的噻虫嗪对非靶标生物黑腹果蝇的毒性。
