All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 127550 Moscow, Russia.
Biological Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
Front Biosci (Landmark Ed). 2024 Apr 12;29(4):150. doi: 10.31083/j.fbl2904150.
Salt stress is a multicomponent phenomenon; it includes many processes that directly or indirectly affect the plant. Attempts have been made to comprehensively consider the processes of salt stress in plants (variety Orenburgskaya 22) and (variety Zolotaya).
The study used methods of light and fluorescence microscopy, methods of immunofluorodetection, expression of DNA methyltransferase genes, genes of the ion transporter and superoxide dismutase families, as well as biochemical determination of total antioxidant activity using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) reagent.
According to morphometric indicators, the Orenburgskaya 22 variety showed greater tolerance to the action of 150 mM NaCl than the Zolotaya variety. The level of expression of genes of the ion transporter family in the Orenburgskaya 22 variety is higher than in the Zolotaya variety. It was found that the expression of the DNA methyltransferase gene , which post-translationally methylates cytosine residues, is 22.3 times higher in Zolotaya compared to Orenburg 22 when exposed to salt. The accumulation of toxic ions is accompanied by an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increased damage to root tissue, especially in the Zolotaya variety. Using fluorescence microscopy using the Carboxy-H2DFF marker in the Orenburgskaya 22 variety at high NaCl concentrations, the highest fluorescence intensity was determined in the cap zone; in the Zolotaya variety-in the zones of the cap and root meristem. Excess ROS is more successfully removed in the Orenburgskaya 22 variety, which has a higher level of antioxidant activity (AOA), as well as the level of expression of the and superoxide dismutase genes. Using programmed cell death (PCD) markers based on the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria into the cytoplasm, DNA breakage and the release of phosphatidylserine from mitochondria, the degree of damage to root cells was assessed in both wheat varieties. It has been proven that wheat cell death occurs through the mitochondrial pathway. It was noted that the salt-sensitive variety Zolotaya had a significant number of necrotic cells.
Based on the data obtained, it was concluded that the Orenburgskaya 22 variety exhibits greater resistance to salinity than the Zolotaya variety. These data may be of practical importance for enhancing protective mechanisms under abiotic stress.
盐胁迫是一种多成分现象；它包括许多直接或间接影响植物的过程。人们试图全面考虑植物中的盐胁迫过程（品种奥伦堡 22 号）和（品种戈尔达娜）。
该研究使用了光和荧光显微镜方法、免疫荧光检测方法、DNA 甲基转移酶基因、离子转运体和超氧化物歧化酶家族基因的表达，以及使用 2,2-二苯基-1-苦基肼（DPPH）试剂测定总抗氧化活性的生化测定方法。
根据形态计量指标，奥伦堡 22 号品种对 150mM NaCl 的作用表现出更强的耐受性，而戈尔达娜品种则表现出更强的耐受性。在奥伦堡 22 号品种中，离子转运体家族基因的表达水平高于戈尔达娜品种。研究发现，在盐胁迫下，翻译后甲基化胞嘧啶残基的 DNA 甲基转移酶基因的表达水平在戈尔达娜品种中比在奥伦堡 22 号品种中高 22.3 倍。有毒离子的积累伴随着活性氧（ROS）的增加和根组织的损伤增加，尤其是在戈尔达娜品种中。在奥伦堡 22 号品种中使用 Carboxy-H2DFF 标记进行荧光显微镜研究，在高 NaCl 浓度下，在帽区检测到最高的荧光强度；在戈尔达娜品种中-在帽区和根分生组织区。奥伦堡 22 号品种中过量的 ROS 更能成功去除，其抗氧化活性（AOA）水平以及 和 超氧化物歧化酶基因的表达水平更高。使用基于线粒体细胞质中细胞色素 c 释放、DNA 断裂和线粒体中磷脂酰丝氨酸释放的程序性细胞死亡（PCD）标记物，评估了两种小麦品种的根细胞损伤程度。已经证明，小麦细胞死亡是通过线粒体途径发生的。研究人员注意到，盐敏感品种戈尔达娜有大量的坏死细胞。
基于获得的数据，得出结论，奥伦堡 22 号品种对盐度的耐受性强于戈尔达娜品种。这些数据对于增强非生物胁迫下的保护机制可能具有实际意义。
