Patellofemoral Instability Part II: Surgical Treatment.

Treatment of patellofemoral instability in skeletally mature patients remains an important area of clinical and research interest. Both nonsurgical and surgical interventions are used to treat the underlying causes. Surgical management is the mainstay of treatment of recurrent PFI that fails nonsurgical treatment, and it is broadly classified into bony and soft-tissue procedures. Proximal bony procedures include femoral trochleoplasty, derotational osteotomies, and coronal alignment correction of the femur. Distal bony procedures include tibial tubercle transfer and derotational (supratubercle and infratubercle) osteotomies. Soft-tissue procedures consist of medial patellofemoral ligament repair or reconstruction and lateral lengthening procedures. This article is the second part of our two-article review on PFI, which focuses on surgical treatment options, their indications, outcomes, and potential complications.