Khan Kifayatullah, Younas Muhammad, Ali Jafar, Shah Noor Samad, Kavil Yasar N, Assiri Mohammed A, Cao Xianghui, Sher Hassan, Maryam Afsheen, Zhou Yunqiao, Yaseen Muhammad, Xu Li
State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Department of Environmental and Conservation Sciences, University of Swat, Swat 19120, Pakistan.
Department of Environmental and Conservation Sciences, University of Swat, Swat 19120, Pakistan.
Mar Pollut Bull. 2024 Jun;203:116415. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116415. Epub 2024 May 8.
This study assessed the occurrence, origins, and potential risks of emerging perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) for the first time in drinking water resources of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. In total, 13 perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) with carbon (C) chains C4-C18 and 4 perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFSAs) with C chains C4-C10 were tested in both surface and ground drinking water samples using a high-performance liquid chromatography system (HPLC) equipped with an Agilent 6460 Triple Quadrupole liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) system. The concentrations of ∑PFCAs, ∑PFSAs, and ∑PFAAs in drinking water ranged from 1.46 to 72.85, 0.30-8.03, and 1.76-80.88 ng/L, respectively. Perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), and perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA) were the dominant analytes in surface water followed by ground water, while the concentration of perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA), and perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoDA) were greater than long-chain PFOA and PFOS. The correlation statistics, which showed a strong correlation (p < 0.05) between the PFAA analytes, potentially indicated the fate of PFAAs in the area's drinking water sources, whereas the hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) statistics identified industrial, domestic, agricultural, and commercial applications as potential point and non-point sources of PFAA contamination in the area. From risk perspectives, the overall PFAA toxicity in water resources was within the ecological health risk thresholds, where for the human population the hazard quotient (HQ) values of individual PFAAs were < 1, indicating no risk from the drinking water sources; however, the hazard index (HI) from the ∑PFAAs should not be underestimated, as it may significantly result in potential chronic toxicity to exposed adults, followed by children.
本研究首次评估了巴基斯坦开伯尔-普赫图赫瓦省饮用水源中新兴全氟烷基酸（PFAA）的出现情况、来源及潜在风险。使用配备安捷伦6460三重四极杆液相色谱-质谱联用系统（LC-MS）的高效液相色谱系统（HPLC），对地表水和地下饮用水样本中的13种含碳（C）链C4 - C18的全氟烷基羧酸（PFCA）和4种含C链C4 - C10的全氟烷基磺酸盐（PFSA）进行了检测。饮用水中∑PFCA、∑PFSA和∑PFAA的浓度分别为1.46至72.85、0.30 - 8.03和1.76 - 80.88 ng/L。全氟丁酸（PFBA）、全氟己酸（PFHxA）和全氟戊酸（PFPeA）是地表水中的主要分析物，其次是地下水，而全氟丁烷磺酸盐（PFBS）、全氟辛酸（PFOA）、全氟庚酸（PFHpA）、全氟辛烷磺酸盐（PFOS）、全氟己烷磺酸盐（PFHxS）、全氟壬酸（PFNA）、全氟癸酸（PFDA）、全氟十一烷酸（PFUnDA）和全氟十二烷酸（PFDoDA）的浓度高于长链PFOA和PFOS。相关性统计显示PFAA分析物之间存在强相关性（p < 0.05），这可能表明该地区饮用水源中PFAA的归宿，而层次聚类分析（HCA）和主成分分析（PCA）统计确定工业、家庭、农业和商业应用是该地区PFAA污染的潜在点源和非点源。从风险角度来看，水资源中PFAA的总体毒性在生态健康风险阈值范围内，对于人类而言，单个PFAA的危害商（HQ）值<1，表明饮用水源无风险；然而，∑PFAA的危害指数（HI）不应被低估，因为它可能会对接触的成年人，进而对儿童造成潜在的慢性毒性。
