Soares Michelly Pereira, Silva Ludmila Mendes, De Angelis Carolina Fernandes, Cardoso Israel Luz, Taylor Edwin W, da Costa Souza Iara, Bendhack Fabiano, de Souza Vieira Nathan, Monferrán Magdalena V, Wunderlin Daniel A, Fernandes Marisa Narciso, Leite Cléo Alcantara Costa
Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod Washington Luis km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod Washington Luis km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
Mar Pollut Bull. 2024 Jun;203:116428. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116428. Epub 2024 May 11.
The steel industry is a significant worldwide source of atmospheric particulate matter (PM). Part of PM may settle (SePM) and deposit metal/metalloid and metallic nanoparticles in aquatic ecosystems. However, such an air-to-water cross-contamination is not observed by most monitoring agencies. The region of Vitoria City is the main location of iron processing for exports in Brazil, and it has rivers, estuaries, and coastal areas affected by SePM. We have evaluated the effects of SePM on a local representative fish species, the fat snook, Centropomus parallelus. After acclimation, 48 fishes (61.67 ± 27.83 g) were individually exposed for 96 h to diverse levels of SePM (0.0, 0.01, 0.1 and 1 g/L). The presence of metals in the blood and several blood biomarkers were analyzed to evaluate the impact of SePM on stress signaling, blood oxygen transport capacity, and innate immune activity. Metal bioaccumulation was measured from blood in two separately analyzed compartments: intracellular (erythrocytes plus white blood cells) and extracellular (plasma). The major metals present at all contamination levels in both compartments were Fe and Zn, followed by Al and Cu, plus traces of 'Emerging metals': Ba, Ce, La, Rb, Se, Sr, and Ti. Emerging metals refer to those that have recently been identified in water as contaminants, encompassing rare earth elements and critical technology elements, as documented in previous studies (See REEs and TCEs in Cobelo-García et al., 2015; Batley et al., 2022). Multivariate analysis revealed that SePM had strong, dose-dependent correlations with all biomarker groups and indicated that blood oxygen-carrying capacity had the highest contamination responsiveness. Metal contamination also increased cortisol and blood glucose levels, attesting to increased stress signaling, and had a negative effect on innate immune activity. Knowledge of the risks related to SePM contamination remains rudimentary. However, the fact that there was metal bioaccumulation, causing impairment of fundamental physiological and cellular processes in this ecologically relevant fish species, consumed by the local human population, highlights the pressing need for further monitoring and eventual control of SePM contamination.
钢铁行业是全球大气颗粒物（PM）的重要来源。部分颗粒物可能沉降（沉降颗粒物，SePM），并将金属/类金属及金属纳米颗粒沉积在水生生态系统中。然而，大多数监测机构并未观测到这种从空气到水体的交叉污染情况。维多利亚市所在地区是巴西出口铁矿石加工的主要地点，其河流、河口和沿海地区都受到沉降颗粒物的影响。我们评估了沉降颗粒物对当地一种具有代表性的鱼类——尖吻鲈（Centropomus parallelus）的影响。在适应环境后，48条鱼（体重61.67 ± 27.83克）被分别暴露于不同浓度的沉降颗粒物（0.0、0.01、0.1和1克/升）中96小时。分析血液中金属的存在情况以及几种血液生物标志物，以评估沉降颗粒物对应激信号传导、血液氧运输能力和先天免疫活性的影响。在两个分别分析的部分中测量金属生物累积情况：细胞内（红细胞加白细胞）和细胞外（血浆）。在所有污染水平下，两个部分中存在的主要金属是铁和锌，其次是铝和铜，还有痕量的“新兴金属”：钡、铈、镧、铷、硒、锶和钛。新兴金属是指那些最近在水中被确定为污染物的金属，包括稀土元素和关键技术元素，如先前研究中所记录的（见Cobelo - García等人，2015年；Batley等人，2022年中的稀土元素和关键技术元素）。多变量分析表明，沉降颗粒物与所有生物标志物组之间存在强烈的剂量依赖性相关性，并表明血液携氧能力对污染的反应最为敏感。金属污染还会增加皮质醇和血糖水平，证明应激信号增强，并对先天免疫活性产生负面影响。关于沉降颗粒物污染相关风险的认识仍然很基础。然而，在这种与生态相关、当地人类会食用的鱼类中存在金属生物累积，导致基本生理和细胞过程受损，这凸显了进一步监测和最终控制沉降颗粒物污染的迫切需求。
