Alarcan Jimmy, Braeuning Albert
German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany.
EXCLI J. 2024 Apr 22;23:509-522. doi: 10.17179/excli2023-6884. eCollection 2024.
Phycotoxins are responsible for foodborne intoxications. Symptoms depend on the ingested toxins but mostly imply gastro-intestinal and neurological disorders. Importantly, humans are exposed to combinations of several phycotoxins, resulting in possible mixture effects. Most previous studies, however, have been focused on single toxin effects. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine the effects of binary mixtures of three main phycotoxins, okadaic acid (OA), azaspiracid-1 (AZA1) and yessotoxin (YTX), on human intestinal Caco-2 cells. The focus was placed on cell viability studies and inflammation responses using a multi-parametric approach to assess cell population (nuclei staining), cell metabolism/viability (reductase activity and lysosomal integrity), and release of inflammation markers (e.g., interleukins). Mixture effects were evaluated using the concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA) models. Our assays show that none of the toxins had an impact on the cell population in the tested concentration range. Only OA modulated reductase activity, while all three toxins had strong effects on lysosomal integrity. Furthermore, all toxins triggered the release of interleukin 8 (IL-8), with OA being most potent. Mixture effect analysis showed additivity in most cases. However, supra-additivity was observed in regards to IL-6 and IL-8 release for combinations implying high concentrations of OA. This study extends the knowledge on mixture effects of phycotoxins in human cells.
藻毒素是食源性中毒的罪魁祸首。症状取决于摄入的毒素,但大多表现为胃肠道和神经系统紊乱。重要的是,人类会接触到多种藻毒素的组合,可能会产生混合效应。然而,此前的大多数研究都集中在单一毒素的影响上。因此,本研究的目的是检测三种主要藻毒素——冈田酸(OA)、azaspiracid-1(AZA1)和岩沙海葵毒素(YTX)的二元混合物对人肠道Caco-2细胞的影响。重点是使用多参数方法进行细胞活力研究和炎症反应评估,以评估细胞群体(细胞核染色)、细胞代谢/活力(还原酶活性和溶酶体完整性)以及炎症标志物(如白细胞介素)的释放。使用浓度相加(CA)模型和独立作用(IA)模型评估混合效应。我们的试验表明,在所测试的浓度范围内,没有一种毒素对细胞群体有影响。只有OA调节还原酶活性,而所有三种毒素对溶酶体完整性都有强烈影响。此外,所有毒素都能触发白细胞介素8(IL-8)的释放,其中OA的作用最强。混合效应分析表明,在大多数情况下呈相加性。然而,对于含有高浓度OA的组合,在IL-6和IL-8释放方面观察到超相加性。本研究扩展了关于藻毒素在人类细胞中混合效应的知识。