Testerink Gemma, Ten Brug Annet, Douma Gerdine, van der Putten Annette
Academic Collaborative Centre for Profound Intellectual and Multiple Disabilities, Department of Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Grote Rozenstraat 38, 9712 TJ Groningen, The Netherlands.
's Heeren Loo, Berkenweg 11, 3818 LA Amersfoort, The Netherlands.
Int J Nurs Stud Adv. 2023 Aug 25;5:100152. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnsa.2023.100152. eCollection 2023 Dec.
Snoezelen focuses on multisensory stimulation in an adapted environment and was originally developed for people with severe and profound intellectual (and multiple) disabilities. Snoezelen has been used for many years with various target groups and for different purposes. Variation in its application has resulted in a lack of understanding of snoezelen's application characteristics and of how they may relate to effects.
The aim of this review was to provide an overview of the application and effects of snoezelen in people with intellectual disability or dementia in order to analyse the relationship between application characteristics and effects.
A systematic review.
Five databases were searched for snoezelen studies that took place in a specially adapted environment. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. The application characteristics (that is, the stimuli used, environment, and support given) and the effects were extracted. Reported effects were categorized into different human functioning dimensions using the model of intellectual disabilities of the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities.
In total, 62 studies involving people with intellectual disability ( = 30) or dementia ( = 32) were included. An overview of snoezelen used in other target groups ( = 24) is provided as supplementary material. Details on the application of snoezelen were often lacking. A total of 10 application characteristics (for example, frequency, role of the support person) were extracted. All studies reported the presence of a support person ( = 62; 100%). Effects were found in all five human functioning dimensions. The most-reported effects (61.3% overall) related to mental health, such as a reduction in challenging behaviour and improved mood. In a minority of studies ( = 10, 16.1%), effects on the support person were also reported. Due to limited details about the application of snoezelen and the large variation in measured effects, analysing the relationship between these was impossible.
The majority of studies lacked details on application characteristics during snoezelen. Reported effects varied, although most related to mental health. Future research should analyse in detail the relationship between application and effects.
多感官环境疗法专注于在适应性环境中的多感官刺激，最初是为重度和极重度智力（及多重）残疾人士开发的。多感官环境疗法已被用于许多不同的目标群体，并出于不同目的使用多年。其应用的差异导致人们对多感官环境疗法的应用特点以及这些特点与效果之间的关系缺乏了解。
本综述的目的是概述多感官环境疗法在智障或痴呆患者中的应用及效果，以便分析应用特点与效果之间的关系。
系统综述。
检索五个数据库，查找在特殊适应性环境中进行的多感官环境疗法研究。使用混合方法评估工具评估纳入研究的方法学质量。提取应用特点（即使用的刺激、环境和提供的支持）和效果。使用美国智力和发育障碍协会的智力残疾模型，将报告的效果分类到不同的人类功能维度。
总共纳入了62项涉及智障患者（n = 30）或痴呆患者（n = 32）的研究。作为补充材料提供了多感官环境疗法在其他目标群体（n = 24）中的应用概述。多感官环境疗法的应用细节往往缺乏。总共提取了10个应用特点（例如，频率、支持人员的角色）。所有研究均报告有支持人员在场（n = 62；100%）。在所有五个人类功能维度中均发现了效果。报告最多的效果（总体为61.3%）与心理健康有关，例如挑战行为减少和情绪改善。在少数研究（n = 10，16.1%）中，也报告了对支持人员的影响。由于多感官环境疗法应用的细节有限且测量效果差异很大，因此无法分析两者之间的关系。
大多数研究缺乏多感官环境疗法应用特点的细节。报告的效果各不相同，尽管大多数与心理健康有关。未来的研究应详细分析应用与效果之间的关系。
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