Thiol-functionalized black carbon as effective and economical materials for Cr(VI) removal: Simultaneous sorption and reduction.

Hazardous Cr(VI) continues to pose critical concerns for environmental and public health, demanding the development of effective remediation methods. In this study, thiol-functionalized black carbon (S-BC) was proposed for Cr(VI) removal by mixing thioglycolic acid (TGA) with black carbon (BC) derived from rice straw residue at 80 °C for 8 h. Using a 1:40 (g mL) BC-to-TGA ratio, the resulting S-BC40 sample demonstrated significantly enhanced Cr(VI) sorption capacities of 201.23, 145.78, and 106.60 mg g at pH 3.5, 5.5, and 7.5, surpassing its BC counterpart by 2.0, 2.3, and 2.2 times. Additionally, S-BC40 converted all sorbed Cr into Cr(III) species at pH ≥ 5.5, resulting in an equal distribution of Cr(OH) and organic Cr(III) complexes. However, approximately 13% of Cr sorbed on BC remained as Cr(VI) at pH 3.5 and 7.5. Both C-centered and S-centered thiyl radicals might contribute to Cr(VI) reduction; however, sufficient C-S groups replenished via thiol-functionalization was the key for the complete Cr(VI) reduction on S-BC samples as pH ≥ 5.5. Thanks to the exceptional Cr(VI) sorption capacity, affordability, and accessibility, thiol-functionalization stands out as a promising modification method for BC. It presents a distinct opportunity to concurrently achieve the objectives of efficient Cr(VI) remediation and waste recycling.