Analyzing Mandibular Characteristics for Age and Gender Variation Through Digital Radiographic Techniques: A Retrospective Study.

Background Forensic odontology has emerged as a crucial method for identifying skeletal or dental remains. Due to the restricted accuracy of current techniques for estimating age at death, researchers have endeavored to illustrate age-related alterations in dental hard tissues. Bone remodeling constitutes an ongoing and intricate process throughout our lifespan. It is believed that morphological changes in the mandible during an individual's lifetime are influenced by both dental condition and the individual's age. Objectives This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of mandibular parameters such as projective ramus height (PRH), maximum ramus breadth (MaRB), bigonial width (BGW), antegonial depth (Ant.D), and antegonial angle (Ant.A), as a gender-determining tool and compare and analyze the mandibular parameter measurements using digital orthopantomography. Methodology In this study, the total number of samples used was 500 out of which 250 were males and 250 were females. Planmeca software (Version 6.0, Planmeca Romexis, Charlotte, NC) was used and the accuracy test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), multiple regression, and discriminant analysis for gender were performed using SPSS for Windows, Version 16.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). Results For age estimation, the least standard error of 0.008 was observed for BGW. A maximum standard error of 0.230 was observed for Ant.D. For sex determination, the coefficient function was positive for PRH, BGW, and Ant.A, with values of 0.202, 0.805, and 0.052, respectively. Ant.D and MaRB both exhibited negative values of -0.204 and -0.379, respectively.  Conclusions Out of all the parameters assessed, BGW is the most preferred parameter for age estimation and Ant.A can be preferred for sex estimation. Age and gender can be estimated using the two parameters in the Indian population.